ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
بررسی حکمرانی و سیاستگذاری مواجهه با پدیده کرونا در دنیا و کشور ایران
در دسامبر سال ۲۰۱۹، دنیا با خبر کشف یک ویروس ناشناخته از خانواده کرونا در ووهان چین مواجه شد؛ ویروسی که شاید در ابتدا بسیاری از سیاستگذاران و مردم دنیا تصور میکردند مانند سایر موارد، در مناطقی خاص منتشر میشود و به زودی سازوکارهایی برای کنترل آن شناسایی میشود؛ اما با گذر زمان و انتشار این ویروس به تمامی ۲۰۵ کشور کره زمین، این تصور که با پدیدهای ساده و متداول مواجه هستیم، بهکلی از بین رفت. در میان دولتها و سیاستگذاران در سراسر دنیا به منظور کاهش اثرات ناشی از ویروس کرونا در ابعاد مختلف، اقدامات متنوعی در دستورکار قرار گرفته که شاید به دلیل ماهیت ناشناخته ویروس و تبعات آن، این اقدامات و سیاستها در کشورهای مختلف، متفاوت به نظر میرسید. در این پژوهش تلاش شده است تا با جمعآوری اطلاعات مربوط به سیاستها، بازیگران و اقدامات کشورهای مختلف در طول زمان شیوع کرونا، گزارش و تحلیلی از اقدامات صورت گرفته توسط کشورها ارائه شود و سپس با بهکارگیری روش توصیفی تحلیلی مقایسهای، حکمرانی و سیاستگذاری دولتها با پدیده کرونا از سه منظر متصدیان (بازیگران) حکمرانی، نوع و چگونگی (نهادی) حکمرانی و موضوع (سیاستی) حکمرانی با یکدیگر مقایسه شوند و شباهتها و تفاوتهای حکمرانی این کشورها تبیین گردد. در انتها با مقایسه این سیاستها با شیوه عملکرد کشور در این مدت درس آموزههایی استخراج و نتیجهگیری شود.
https://rahyaft.nrisp.ac.ir/article_13855_957fb1c93318b1a125a3702c8c53ab61.pdf
2020-09-22
1
23
10.22034/rahyaft.2021.10412.1132
حکمرانی
سیاستگذاری
کرونا
کووید 19
مطالعه تطبیقی
ناصر
باقری مقدم
bagheri@nrisp.ac.ir
1
گروه سیاست علمی، مرکز تحقیقات سیاست علمی کشور، تهران، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
فائزه سادات
اصفهانی
faezehesfahani@gmail.com
2
پژوهشگر پژوهشکده آیندگان
AUTHOR
مصطفی
زمانیان
zamanyan@yahoo.com
3
پژوهشگر پژوهشکده آیندگان
AUTHOR
[1] Kamali, Yahya, Mirzaei, Jalal, Comparison of crisis management structure in Iran, Japan, India and Turkey, Strategic studies of public policy, 2016 (Persian).
1
[2] Heydari, Alireza, Comparison of the ability of the Iranian government and selected East Asian countries in policy-making Covid-19, 2019 (Persian).
2
[3] Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. General psychiatry, 2020; 33 (2), e100213. https://doi.org/ 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
3
[4] https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20200310.824973/full/
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[5] Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker, What’s changed? (28 April 2020) from: https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/OxCGRT.%20What%27s%20changed %2024%20April%202020.pdf
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[6] Lo C. Going from Government to Governance. In: Farazmand A. (eds) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer, Cham. 2018.
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[7] John R. Deni. Shifting locus of governance? The case of NATO's connected forces initiative, European Security, 2016; 25: 2, 181-196.
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[8] Rowse, T. The political dimensions of community development. In Morphy F. & Sanders W. (Eds.), The Indigenous Welfare Economy and the CDEP Scheme, 2004; 39-46. ANU Press. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbj2z.12
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[9] Balmford, B., Annan, J.D., Hargreaves, J.C. et al. () Cross-Country Comparisons of Covid-19: Policy, Politics and the Price of Life. Environ Resource Econ, 2020; 76, 525–551 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00466-5.
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[10] J. Chem. Phys. Benchmark studies of variational, unitary and extended coupled cluster methods, 2010; 133, 234102; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3520564
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[11] https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/04/asia/taiwan-coronavirus-response-who-intl-hnk/index.html.
11
[12] Daejoong Lee, Kyungmoo Heo, Yongseok Seo, Hyerim Ahn, Kyungran Jung, Sohyun Lee, Hyeseung Choi, Flattening the curve on COVID-19: South Korea’s measures in tackling initial outbreak of coronavirus, American Journal of Epidemiology, kwaa 217, https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa217.
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[13] https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/16/opinions/south-korea-italy-coronavirus-survivability-sepkowitz/index.html.
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[14] Statista (2020). Number of killed soldiers in U.S. wars since World War I as of March 2020 (Online). https://www.statista.com/statistics/265977/us-wars-number-of-casualties/. Accessed 11 June 2020.
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[15] https://www.corriere.it/cronache/20_gennaio_30/coronavirus-italia-corona-9d6dc436-4343-11ea-bdc8-faf1f56f19b7.shtml.
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[16] Wang CJ, Ng CY, Brook RH (2020). Response to COVID-19 in Taiwan: big data analytics, new technology, and proactive testing. JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3151.
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[17] https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/Category/MPage/gL7-bARtHyNdrDq882pJ9Q.
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[18] https://www.dhs.gov/coronavirus/federal-response.
18
[19] Juhwan Oh, Jong-Koo Lee, Dan Schwarz, Hannah L. Ratcliffe, Jeffrey F. Markuns & Lisa R. Hirschhorn (2020) National Response to COVID-19 in the Republic of Korea and Lessons Learned for Other Countries, Health Systems & Reform, 6:1, DOI: 10.1080/23288604.2020.1753464.
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[20] OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), The territorial impact of COVID-19: Managing the crisis across levels of government. (Updated 16 June 2020) from http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/the-territorial-impact-of-covid-19-managing-the-crisis-across-levels-of-government-d3e314e1/.
20
[21] http://paydarymelli.ir/fa/content/20.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
اهمیت ترویج علم درکاهش شبه علم دردوران کووید 19
ترویج علم دربردارندة طیف وسیعی از فعالیتها از جمله پذیرش، درک و مشارکت همگان در علم است که هدف مشترک تمامی آنها کاستن فاصله میان علم و عموم مردم است. هدف این مقاله بررسی اهمیت ترویج علم در کاهش شبه علم در دوران کووید 19 است.
در این مقاله از روش مطالعه اسنادی استفاده شده است. با شیوع همهگیری کووید 19 در جهان، بیش از گذشته اهمیت علم و ترویج آن در نزد جهانیان به منظور کاهش شبه علم افزایش یافته است. در این دوران بار دیگر، بشر برای کشف واکسن کرونا، به علم، دانشمندان و متخصصان چشم امید بست. با توجه به اینکه، یکی از اهداف مهم ترویج علم مبارزه با خرافات و شبه علم1 است، تفکر انتقادی یکی از ابزارهای مبارزه با شبه علم محسوب میشود.
https://rahyaft.nrisp.ac.ir/article_13856_943796975565cb1625ad3e2114e2be77.pdf
2020-09-22
25
36
10.22034/rahyaft.2020.13856
علم
ترویج علم
شبه علم
تفکر انتقادی فناورانه
اکرم
قدیمی
ghadimi.nrisp@gmail.com
1
دانشیارمرکز تحقیقات سیاست علمی کشور
LEAD_AUTHOR
بهاره
صفوی
2
دانشجوی دکتری علوم ارتباطات اجتماعی
AUTHOR
[1] Ghadimi, A. (1398). Designing a model for popularization of science, research project, Tehran: nrisp.
1
[2] Paya, A. (1387). Public Understanding of Science: A Philosophical Appraisal, Quarterly Journal of Science and Technology Policy, Spring 2008, No. 1.
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[3] Ren, F. & Zhai, J. (2014). Communication and Popularization of Science and Technology in China. China Science and Technology Press and Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
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[4] Ghani Rad, M. ا. And Morshedi, A. (1390). Survey of general understanding of science and technology: A case study of Tehran citizens. Journal of Science and Technology Policy, Third Year, Issue 3, Spring 2011.
4
[5] Sheikh Jabbari, M. And Stove, S. (1391). The structure of science and society relations in Iran: promotion of science. Nasha Alam Magazine, second year, second issue, June 2012.
5
[6] Ghadimi, A. (1396). Popularization of science; Methods, indicators and case studies, Tehran: Scientific Policy Research Center.
6
[7] Vahidi, M. (1388). Science in society. Tehran: Research Institute for Cultural and Social Studies.
7
[8] Sismondo, S. (1392). Introduction to science and technology studies. Translated by Yasser Khoshnovis. Tehran: Soroush Publications.
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[9] Derry, G.N. (1999). "What science is and how it works", First edition, Princeton university press, New Jersey, pp. 3-4.
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[10] Communicating and Popularizing Science. (1999). World Conference on Science, UNESCO, Budapest, 26 June- 1 July 1999.
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[11] Coker, R. (2001)."Distinguishing science and pseudoscience" at http://www.quackwatch. com/01Quackery
11
RelatedTopics/ pseudo.html
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[12] Afonso, A. S. Gilbert, J. K. (2010). "Pseudoscience: A meaningful context for assessing nature of science", International Journal of Science Education, 32 (3), 329-348.
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[13] Singer B, Benassi VA (January–February 1981). "Occult beliefs: Media distortions, social uncertainty, and deficiencies of human reasoning seem to be at the basis of occult beliefs". American Scientist. 69 (1): 49–55. JSTOR 27850247.
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[14] Popper, K. (2005). "The Logic of Scientific Discovery", first published, Routledge, New York, pp.17-20.
15
[15] Kazemi, F., Saburi, A.A. (1394). Pseudo-science, Nasha-e-Alam magazine, sixth year, first issue, January 1994.
16
[16] Pseudoscientific". Oxford American Dictionary. Oxford English Dictionary. Pseudoscientific – pretending to be scientific, falsely represented as being scientific.
17
[17] Qasemi, F. The deadliest pandemics in history; Published in Khorasan newspaper, July 2016. In the following link. http://www.khorasannews.com/newspaper/page/20421/1/700973/0
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[18] Stanovich, K. E. (2013). "How to Think Straight about Psychology",. Tenth edition, HarperCollins Publishers, Toronto, p. 21.
19
[19] https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/coronavirus/coronavirus-research/
20
[20] https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/coronavirus/index.html
21
[21] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/27/can-a-face-mask-protect-me-from-coronavirus-covid-19-myths-busted
22
[22] https://www.livescience.com/topics/coronavirus
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[23] https://www.asriran.com/fa/news/723672/
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[24] https://www.bbc.com/news/world-53755067
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[25] https://www.isna.ir/news/99101309441/
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[26] Spaan, J. A. (2010). "The danger of pseudoscience in Informetrics", Journal of Informetrics, 4 (3), 439-440.
27
[27] Adam, A. Manson T. M. (2014). "Using a pseudoscienceactivity to teach critical thinking", Society for the Teaching of Psychology, 41 (2), 130-134.
28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
آسیب های روانشناختی بیماری کرونا ویروس جدید - مطالعه مروری
در دسامبر 2019 ویروس جدیدی از نوع کرونا که به آن بیماری تنفسی حاد نیز گفته میشود، در شهر ووهان چین شناسایی شد که توسط سازمان بهداشت جهانی کووید -19 نامگذاری گردید. از مهمترین نشانههای این بیماری، علائم حاد تنفسی میباشد که در 2 درصد موارد منجر به مرگ بیمار میشود. این ویروس به سرعت در چین گسترش یافت و در طی چند ماه به کشورهای دیگر نیز سرایت کرد. چنانچه در زمان کوتاهی در مناطقی در جنوب شرق آسیا، شرق آسیا، جنوب آسیا، غرب آسیا، اروپا، قاره آمریکا و حتی استرالیا با شیوع این بیماری روبرو شدند. ایران نیز از جمله کشورهای غرب آسیا است که با این بیماری درگیر شد. با توجه به قدرت شیوع و انتقال بیماری سازمان بهداشت جهانی در 4 فوریه وضعیت اضطراری اعلام و توصیه نمود تا کشورها انتقال فرد به فرد این بیماری را از طریق کاهش تماس افراد بخصوص افراد مبتلا و کارکنان بخش-های مراقبتی و درمان بیماران را کاهش داده و گسترش جهانی آن را کنترل نمایند. وضعیت فعلی شیوع کرونا باعث ایجاد مشکلات سلامت روان مانند استرس، اضطراب، علائم افسردگی، بیخوابی، انکار، خشم و ترس در افراد شده است. نتیجه گیری: در هنگام وقوع شیوع بیماریهای عفونی با مرگ و میر بالا همکاری نزدیک روانپزشکان، متخصصان سایر شاخههای سلامتروان، مقامات محلی و کارمندان بهداشت در جامعه ضروری است. بنابراین مداخلات روانپزشکی زود هنگام و مداوم توسط تیم بهداشت روان پیشنهاد میشود تا تأثیرات آسیبزای شرایط بیماری کرونا ویروس به حداقل برساند.
https://rahyaft.nrisp.ac.ir/article_13857_1f1aae4addbafc364303d69ff4dc1f9a.pdf
2020-09-22
37
52
10.22034/rahyaft.2021.10337.1108
کووید 19
اختلالات روانشناختی
سلامت روان
سحر
ترابی زنوز
torabi_s98@ms.tabrizu.ac.ir
1
روانشناسی، روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه سراسری تبریز، تبریز، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
فاطمه
قاسمی طابق
fatemeh.ghasemitabegh@gmail.com
2
دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
AUTHOR
اعظم
قرآنی
aa.ghorani97@gmail.com
3
. دانشجو کارشناسی ارشد روانشناس بالینی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.
AUTHOR
فائزه
ابراهیمی صدر
faezeh.ebsadr76@gmail.com
4
روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.
AUTHOR
مجید
محمود علیلو
m-alilou@tabrizu.ac.ir
5
استاد دانشگاه تبریز، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.
AUTHOR
راضیه
پاک
pak0312606@gmail.com
6
دانشگاه تبریز، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
AUTHOR
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[6] American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®).5th ed. American Psychiatric Pub 2013: 195-199.
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[9] Salari N, Hosseinian-Far A, Jalali R, Vaisi-Raygani A, Rasoulpoor S, Mohammadi M, Rasoulpoor S, Khaledi-Paveh B. Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Globalization and health. 2020 Dec; 16 (1): 1-1.
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[10] Lee SM, Kang WS, Cho AR, Kim T, Park JK. Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Comprehensive psychiatry. 2018 Nov 1; 87: 123-7.
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[11] Brand J, McKay D, Wheaton MG, Abramowitz JS. The relationship between obsessive compulsive beliefs and symptoms, anxiety and disgust sensitivity, and Swine Flu fears. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. 2013 Apr 1; 2 (2):200-6.
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[12] Savitsky B, Findling Y, Ereli A, Hendel T. Anxiety and coping strategies among nursing students during the covid-19 pandemic. Nurse Education in Practice. 2020 Jun 2:102809.
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[13] Patel A, Patel S. A STRESS-FLU CASE: TAKOTSUBO CARDIOMYOPATHY TRIGGERED BY INFLUENZA B. Chest. 2020 Oct 1; 158 (4): A189.
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[14] Hughes C, Davoodi-Semiromi Y, Colee JC, Culpepper T, Dahl WJ, Mai V, Christman MC, Langkamp-Henken B. Galactooligosaccharide supplementation reduces stress-induced gastrointestinal dysfunction and days of cold or flu: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in healthy university students. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2011 Jun 1; 93 (6): 1305-11.
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[15] Wheaton MG, Abramowitz JS, Berman NC, Fabricant LE, Olatunji BO. Psychological predictors of anxiety in response to the H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2012 Jun 1; 36 (3): 210-8.
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[16] Tezol O, Unal S. Anxiety level and clinical course of patients with sickle cell disease during the COVID-19 outbreak. Archives de Pédiatrie. 2020 Dec 23.
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[17] Kumar A, Somani A. Dealing with Corona virus anxiety and OCD. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020 Apr 10: 102053.
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[18] Moghanibashi-Mansourieh A. Assessing the anxiety level of Iranian general population during COVID-19 outbreak. Asian journal of psychiatry. 2020 Apr 18: 102076.
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[19] Wong AH, Pacella-LaBarbara ML, Ray JM, Ranney ML, Chang BP. Healing the healer: protecting emergency health care workers’ mental health during COVID-19. Annals of emergency medicine. 2020 May 3.
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[20] Fernandez R, Lord H, Halcomb E, Moxham L, Middleton R, Alananzeh I, Ellwood L. Implications for COVID-19: a systematic review of nurses’ experiences of working in acute care hospital settings during a respiratory pandemic. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2020 May 8:103637.
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[21] McKay D, Yang H, Elhai J, Asmundson G. Anxiety regarding contracting COVID-19 related to interoceptive anxiety sensations: The moderating role of disgust propensity and sensitivity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2020 May 1:102233.
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[22] de Oliveira Araújo FJ, de Lima LS, Cidade PI, Nobre CB, Neto ML. Impact of Sars-Cov-2 And its reverberation in global higher education and mental health. Psychiatry Research. 2020 Apr 12: 112977.
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[23] Kuhlman KR, Robles TF, Dooley LN, Boyle CC, Haydon MD, Bower JE. Within-subject associations between inflammation and features of depression: Using the flu vaccine as a mild inflammatory stimulus. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2018 Mar 1; 69: 540-7.
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[24] Kuhlman KR, Robles TF, Dooley LN, Boyle CC, Haydon MD, Bower JE. Within-subject associations between inflammation and features of depression: Using the flu vaccine as a mild inflammatory stimulus. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2018 Mar 1; 69: 540-7.
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[25] Schnittker J. In-utero determinants of adult depression: evidence from the 1918 flu pandemic. Biodemography and Social Biology. 2019 Jul 3; 65 (3): 227-44.
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[26] Mazza MG, De Lorenzo R, Conte C, Poletti S, Vai B, Bollettini I, Melloni EM, Furlan R, Ciceri F, Rovere-Querini P, Benedetti F. Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: Role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2020 Oct 1; 89: 594-600.
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[27] Brand J, McKay D, Wheaton MG, Abramowitz JS. The relationship between obsessive compulsive beliefs and symptoms, anxiety and disgust sensitivity, and Swine Flu fears. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. 2013 Apr 1; 2 (2): 200-6.
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[28] Cox RC, Olatunji BO. Linking insomnia and OCD symptoms during the coronavirus pandemic: Examination of prospective associations. Journal of anxiety disorders. 2020 Nov 26; 77: 102341.
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[29] Banerjee D. The other side of COVID-19: Impact on obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and hoarding. Psychiatry research. 2020 Apr 11.
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[31] Jiao WY, Wang LN, Liu J, Fang SF, Jiao FY, Pettoello-Mantovani M, Somekh E. Behavioral and emotional disorders in children during the COVID-19 epidemic. The journal of Pediatrics. 2020 Jun; 221: 264.
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[32] Wong AH, Pacella-LaBarbara ML, Ray JM, Ranney ML, Chang BP. Healing the healer: protecting emergency health care workers’ mental health during COVID-19. Annals of emergency medicine. 2020 May 3.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
ارزیابی اثرات زیست محیطی ویروس کووید 19
شیوع کووید 19 باعث نگرانی در سطح جهان شده و شیوه زندگی مردم را نیز تغییر داده است. این تغییر در شیوه زندگی انسان معایب و مزایایی برای محیط زیست به همراه داشته است که لزوم تحقیقات در مورد این آثار با تمرکز بر حضور و تکامل ویروس کووید 19 در آب، خاک و سایر عوامل زیستمحیطی و همچنین ارائه راهکار برای بهبود محیط زیست بسیار حائز اهمیت است. این پژوهش با هدف نشان دادن اثرات مستقیم و غیرمستقیم مثبت و منفی کووید 19 بر محیط زیست انجام شده است. تحقیقات نشان میدهد که با وجود آثار مثبت ویروس کرونا بر محیط زیست مانند بهبود کیفیت هوا، سواحل تمیز و کاهش آلودگی صوتی، جنبههای اولیه و ثانویه منفی مانند مصرف بیرویه آب، کاهش بازیافت زبالهها و افزایش ضایعات آلی و غیرآلی وجود دارد که منجر به آلودگی هوا، آبها و خشکی شده است. ضمن اینکه انتظار میرود فعالیت اقتصادی جهانی در ماههای آینده در اکثر کشورها راهاندازی شود، بنابراین کاهش غلظت گازهای گلخانهای طی دورهای کوتاه، راهی پایدار برای پاکسازی محیط زیست به شمار نمیآید و نیازمند اقدامهای جدی در این زمینه است.
https://rahyaft.nrisp.ac.ir/article_13858_686c92a5943beb947200efdb5eefc5ba.pdf
2020-09-22
53
62
10.22034/rahyaft.2020.13858
کووید 19
آثار مثبت ویروس کرونا
آثار منفی ویروس کرونا
محیط زیست
ناصر
طالب بیدختی
nassertaleb@gmail.com
1
هیئت علمی، دانشکده عمران و محیط زیست، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
محمد
اسعدی تکمه داش
2
دانشجوی کارشناسی، دانشکده مهندسی شیمی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
AUTHOR
فاطمه
رضایی توابع
3
دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده مهندسی عمران و محیط زیست، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران
AUTHOR
مجید
سرتاج
4
هیئت علمی، دانشکده مهندسی عمران و محیط زیست، دانشگاه اتاوا، اتاوا، کانادا
AUTHOR
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[2] Kooraki, S., Hosseiny, M., Myers, L., Gholamrezanezhad, A. Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak: what the department of radiology should know. J. Am. Coll. Radiol. 2020; 17 (4), 447–451.
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[3] Ather, A., Patel, B., Ruparel, N. B., Diogenes, A., Hargreaves, K. M., Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19): implications for clinical dental care. J. Endod. 2020.
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[4] Kucharski, A.J., Russell, T. W., Diamond, C., Liu, Y., Edmunds, J., Funk, S., Eggo, R. M., Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2020.
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[5] South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074722/ coronavirus-leaves-china-mountains-medical-waste
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[6] Hamwey, R., Economic Affairs Officer, UNCTAD, Environmental impacts of coronavirus crisis, challenges ahead. 2020.
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[7] Hellewell, J., Abbott, S., Gimma, A., Bosse, N. I., Jarvis, C. I., Russell, T. W., Munday, J. D., Kucharski, A. J., Edmunds, W. J., Sun, F. J. T. L. G. H. Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by isolation of cases and contacts. Lancet Glob. Health, 2020; 8 (4), 488–496.
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[8] ESA. www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel 5P/COVID-19_ nitrogen_dioxide
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_over_Northest USA Accessed date: 4 April 2020.
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[9] ESA. www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel 5P/COVID-19_ nitrogen_dioxide
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[10] Food and agricultural organization of the United Nations. The impacts of COVID-19 on the forest sector: How to respond? 2020.
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[11] Harapan, H., Itoh, N., Yufika, A., Winardi, W., Keam, S., Te, H., Megawati, D., Hayati, Z., Wagner, A.L., Mudatsir, M. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a literature review. Journal of Infection and Public Health. 2020.
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[12] Ficetola, G. F., Rubolini, D. Climate Affects Global Patterns of COVID-19 Early Outbreak Dynamics. MedRxiv. 2020.
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17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
فرصت ها و تهدیدهای ویروس کرونا برای محیط زیست
پس از شیوع بیماری کرونا در جهان زندگی انسان، موجودات زنده و محیط زیست آنها به شکلهای مختلف تحت تاثیر قرار گرفت. شیوع ویروس کرونا فرصت ها و چالش های متعددی را بر محیط زیست جهان به همراه داشته است. هدف از این مقاله بررسی اثرات شیوع بیماری کرونا برمحیط زیست است. این پژوهش به روش کتابخانهای و مروری به بررسی اثرات ویروس کرونا 19 بر محیط زیست پرداخته است، به شکلی که مقالات و پژوهش های مرتبط با موضوع بررسی و تحلیل شده است. نتایج حاصل از منابع منتشر شده نشان می دهد که قرنطینه و الزام به ماندن انسانها در خانه، به منظور قطع زنجیره انتقال کرونا، موجب شد که حیوانات احساس امنیت کرده، از قلمرو طبیعی خود خارج و وارد محدودههای شهری و روستایی شوند. کاهش آلودگی صوتی و آلودگی هوا و انتشار گازهای گلخانهای بواسطه کاهش تردد خودروها و تعطیلی موقت کارخانهها، از دیگر اثرات مثبت شیوع کرونا است که به بهبود کیفیت هوا و کاهش تبعات گرمشدن کره زمین کمک کرده است. در کنار این آثار مثبت، کاهش فعالیتهای حفاظتی در ایام کرونا در برخی از مناطق، تخریب زیستگاهها و شکار غیرمجاز را افزایش داده است. افزایش تولید پسماندهای خانگی و بیمارستانی، افزایش مصرف پلاستیک و مواد یکبارمصرف و کاهش بازیافت پسماند از آثار منفی همهگیری ویروس کرونا است که با از بینبردن منابع، باعث فشار بر محیط زیست می شود. افزایش مصرف شوینده ها و مواد ضدعفونی کننده اثرات مخرب زیادی بر محیط زیست خواهد داشت. به طور کلی، به نظر می رسد که اثرات مثبت ویروس کرونا بر محیط زیست موقت و کوتاه مدت بوده و در مقایسه با تبعات طولانیمدت ناشی از آن اندک است. بنابراین باید با غلبه بر کرونا، بر ساختن دوباره جامعه و اقتصاد سالم تمرکز کرده و با شناخت کامل از فرصت ها و تهدید های این ویروس، رفتارهای محیط زیستی را آگاهانه آموزش داد.
https://rahyaft.nrisp.ac.ir/article_13859_d419c9cfa96971dd1095e8b28eeebb0c.pdf
2020-09-22
63
76
10.22034/rahyaft.2021.10349.1113
حیات وحش
محیط زیست
تغییر اقلیم
ویروس کرونا
همهگیری
منصوره
ملکیان
mmalekian@iut.ac.ir
1
دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان
LEAD_AUTHOR
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45
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
غربالگری سریع ناقلین ویروس کرونااز طریق سیستمهای فاضلابی در جهت ارزیابی و مدیریت زودهنگام بیماری کوید-19
شیوع ویروس کرونا جدید ناشی از عفونت سارس-کو-2 (بیماری کووید-19 )، که از شهر ووهان در چین آغاز شد، به سرعت در سراسر جهان گسترش یافت. برخی از ناقلین این ویروس ممکن است بدون عارضه و علائم عفونی باشند و بدون توانایی غربالگری سریع و مؤثر این بیماران بدون علامت، این ناقلین بدون شک قادر به افزایش خطر انتقال بیماری به سایرین در صورت عدم اجرای اقدامات اولیه قرنطینه هستند. در آینده، این ویروس کرونای جدید ممکن است به یک ویروس مسری فصلی دیگری تبدیل شود. بدون توانایی غربالگری بیماران بدون علامت و در صورت عدم اجرای اقدامات اولیه قرنطینه بدون شک منجر به افزایش خطر انتقال بیماری خواهیم بود. بنابراین، برای ردیابی منابع ناشناخته این بیماری، غربالگری سریع و دقیق ناقلین، یک گام اساسی برای مداخله و پیشگیری در مراحل اولیه است. به دلیل محدودیتهای اقتصادی و عملی غربالگری بالینی کووید-19 در سراسر جهان، اپیدمیولوژی مبتنی بر فاضلاب میتواند به عنوان یک ابزار بالقوه برای شناسایی زودهنگام ویروس برای ارزیابی و مدیریت بیماری در جهت اتخاذ اقدامات سریع در صورت بروز موج جدیدکووید-19 در آینده مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.
https://rahyaft.nrisp.ac.ir/article_13860_ef22d485f254c82450b1efaddfac0620.pdf
2020-09-22
77
81
10.22034/rahyaft.2021.10429.1140
ویروس کرونا
کوید-19
اپیدمیولوژی
فاضلاب
غربالگری
بابک
کبودین
kaboudin@iasbs.ac.ir
1
دانشکده شیمی-دانشگاه تحصیلات تکمیلی علو پایه زنجان-زنجان-ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
سیده ساجده
علوی
s.alavi@iasbs.ac.ir
2
، شیمی آلی ، دانشکده شیمی دانشگاه تحصیلات تکمیلی علوم پایه زنجان، ایران
AUTHOR
[1] World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. (2020 February 16). Available at: https://covid19.who.int/
1
[2] Wang C. Horby PW. Hayden FG. Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet. 2020; 395 (10223): 470−473.
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[3] Weber DJ. Rutala WA. Fischer WA. Kanamori H. Sickbert-Bennett EE. Emerging infectious diseases: Focus oninfection control issues for novel coronaviruses (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoV and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-CoV), hemorrhagic fever viruses (Lassa and Ebola), and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, A(H5N1) and A(H7N9). American Journal of Infection Control. 2016; 44 (5): E91−E100.
3
[4] Pan Y. Zhang D. Yang P. Poon LLM. Wang Q. Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2020; 20 (4): 411-412.
4
[5] Zhang J. Wang S. Xue Y. Fecal specimen diagnosis 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. Journal of Medical Virology. 2020; 92 (6): 680-682.
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[6] Casanova L. Rutala WA. Weber DJ. Sobsey MD. Survival of surrogate coronaviruses in water. Water Research. 2009; 43 (7): 1893−1898.
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[7] Peiris JSM. Chu CM. Cheng VCC. Chan KS.Hung IFN. Poon LLM.et al. Clinical progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia: a prospective study. The Lancet. 2003; 361(9371):1767-1772.
7
[8] Quilliam RS. Weidmann M. Moresco V. Purshouse H. O'Hara Z. Oliver DM. COVID-19: The environmental implications of shedding SARS-CoV-2 in human faeces. Environment International, 2020; 140: 105790.
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[9] Water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. WHO/2019-nCoV/IPC_WASH/2020.4.
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[10] Hart OE. Halden RU. Computational analysis of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 surveillance by wastewater-based epidemiology locally and globally: Feasibility, economy, opportunities and challengesScience of the Total Environment. 2020; 730 (2020): 138875.
10
[11] New York Times, 2020. Available at: https://nyti.ms/3epjZ6y
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[12] Chavarria-Miró G. Anfruns-Estrada E. Guix S. Paraira M. Galofré B. Gloria Sáanchez G. et al. Sentinel surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater anticipates the occurrence of COVID-19 cases. 2020. DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.13.20129627.
12
[13] Kazama S. Miura T. Masago Y. Konta Y. Tohma K.; Manaka T. et al. Environmental Surveillance of Norovirus Genogroups I and II for Sensitive Detection of Epidemic Variants. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2017; 83 (9): 1.
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[14] Medema G. Heijnen L. Elsinga G. Italiaander R. Brouwer A. Presence of SARS-Coronavirus-2 in Sewage. medRxiv. 2020;DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.29.20045880.
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[15] AhmedaW. Angel N. Edson J. Bibby K. Bivins A. O’Brien JW. et al. First confirmed detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewater in Australia: A proof of concept for the wastewater surveillance of COVID-19 in the community. Science of the Total Environment.2020; 728: 138764.
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[16] Lodder W. Husman dR. Maria A. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: potential health risk, but also data source. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2020; 5 (6): 533-534.
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[17] Medema G. Heijnen L. Elsinga G. Italiaander R. 2020. Presence of SARS-Coronavirus-2 in Sewage. medRxiv. 2020; DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.29.20045880
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[18] Wu F. Xiao A. Zhang J. Gu X. Lee WL. Kauffman K. et al. SARS-CoV-2 titers in wastewater are higher than expected from clinically confirmed cases. medRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.04.05.20051540.
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[19] Corpuz M. V. A. Buonerba A. Vigliotta G. Zarra T. Ballesteros Jr F. Campiglia P. et al. Viruses in wastewater: occurrence, abundance and detection methods. 2020; 745: 140910.
19
[20] Daughton C. The international imperative to rapidly and inexpensively monitor community-wide Covid-19 infection status and trends. The Science of the Total Environment 2020; 726: 138149.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
آیا ویروس کرونا (کووید 19) میتواند تجارت حیاتوحش را به چالش بکشد ؟!
پس از این همهگیری ویروس کرونا (کویید 19)، یافتههای پژوهشی متعدد و نهایتا اذعان گزارش رسمی هیأت مشترک سازمان بهداشت جهانی منشا این بیماری را یکی از بازارهای مرطوب شهر ووهان چین، که تجارت حیاتوحش به طور گسترده در آن جا رواج داشت، از گونهای خفاش شناسایی کردند. این موضوع سبب شد تا افکار عمومی جهان بار دیگر به تجارت غیرقانونی و حتی قانونی حیاتوحش در بازارهای رسمی و سیاه به دیده تردید و تهدید بنگرد. در مطالعه حاضر بنابر ضرورت موضوع، خصوصا در برهه حساس کنونی، با رویکردی هرمونوتیک به چالشهای این حوزه پرداخته شد. در این راستا با بهرهگیری از مقالات، کتب و اسناد فرادست به کمک روش تحلیل اسنادی پدیده تجارت غیرقانونی حیاتوحش و ارتباط آن با «بیماریهای دارای منشأ حیوانی برای انسان» خصوصا کرونا (کووید 19) واکاوی گردید. سپس با بررسی شرایط پس از موج نخستین همهگیری ویروس کرونا (کووید 19) تا امروز، پیرامون این سوال که «آیا کرونا (کووید 19) میتواند به مبدایی برای تحول در رویکرد بینالمللی نسبت به تجارت حیاتوحش خصوصا قاچاق و تجارت غیرقانونی تبدیل شود؟» بحث شد. یافتههای پژوهش حاکی از آن است که بازتعریف چارچوبی منطقی مبتنی بر توسعه پایدار برای تجارت قانونی حیاتوحش و مبارزه کارآمد با تجارت غیرقانونی موجب حفاظت موثرتر از تنوع زیستی و کاهش هزینههای سرسامآور بهداشت و درمان ناشی از بیماریهای با منشا جانوری برای انسان خواهد شد. در پایان در راستای مدیریت کارآمدتر بازار حیاتوحش بینالملل پیشنهاداتی به افراد ذیصلاح ارائه شد.
https://rahyaft.nrisp.ac.ir/article_13861_f263a3722f54dc2c7d1a20ecd1c044db.pdf
2020-09-22
83
98
10.22034/rahyaft.2021.10369.1119
تجارت حیاتوحش
تنوعزیستی
کرونا
امیر علی
برومند
a.a.broumand@gmail.com
1
گروه محیطزیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیطزیست، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، ایران
AUTHOR
آزیتا
فراشی
farashi@um.ac.ir
2
گروه محیطزیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیطزیست، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
نقش پزشکی شخصی در تشخیص، پیشگیری و درمان بیماریهایی مانند کووید 19
پزشکی شخصی به مجموعهای از فعالیتها و رویکردهای تشخیصی، درمان و پیشگیری اطلاق میگردد که بر مبنای آنها بیماران بر اساس ویژگی شخصی خود طبقهبندی شده و اقدامات پزشکی برایشان انجام میشود. اهدافی که سیستم درمانی با روش پزشکی شخصی به دنبال دارد شامل انتخاب یک داروی درست و مؤثر برای افراد مختلف، کاهش هزینه-های دارو و درمان، کاهش عوارض جانبی داروها و در نهایت کاهش مدت درمان و بهبودی سریع بیمار است. هدف مقاله حاضر بررسی اهمیت پزشکی شخصی، عواملی که باعث تفاوت افراد در پاسخ به درمان آنها میشود، روشها و تکنیک-های مورد استفاده برای رسیدن به اهداف پزشکی شخصی و در نهایت استفاده از این روش برای بررسی تفاوتهای احتمالی افراد در پاسخ به درمان در برابر بیماری کووید 19 است. بر اساس این روش یا داروهایی که پیش از این ساخته شدهاند برای هر فرد شخصیسازی میشود یا از داروهای پروتئینی نوترکیب استفاده میشود. بر اساس نوع عاملی که فرد را در پاسخ به درمان و دارو متفاوت کرده است نوع داروی مناسب و دوز لازم و کافی برای فرد تجویز میشود. با توجه به گزارشهای موجود، در مورد بیماری کووید 19 نیز، تفاوتهای ذکر شده در افراد مختلف میتواند در سیر رو به رشد بیماری موثر باشد و استفاده از رویکرد پزشکی شخصی منجر به معرفی روش درمانی ایمن، موثر و دقیق برای افراد مختلف شود. اما قطع به یقین میتوان گفت مهمترین هدفی که در پزشکی شخصی مطرح میشود پیشگیری است. به گونهای که قبل از ابتلا به بیماری و تحمل درد و در نهایت تحمل عوارض جانبی داروهای مختلف برای درمان، احتمال وقوع بیماری با پایش مداوم نشانگرهای زیستی بیماریهای مختلف که آنها هم از طریق پزشکی شخصی مشخص شده-اند، در افراد سالم بررسی شود.
https://rahyaft.nrisp.ac.ir/article_13862_549fb363fa18308fb6f053b8575a85b2.pdf
2020-09-22
99
111
10.22034/rahyaft.2021.10418.1137
پروژه ژنوم انسان
طیف سنجی جرمی
اتصال دارو- پروتئین
تداخل های دارویی
بیماری کووید 19
زهرا
طالب پور
ztalebpour@alzahra.ac.ir
1
گروه شیمی، دانشکده فیزیک و شیمی، دانشگاه الزهرا، ونک، تهران، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
مرضیه
سروری شاد
mahsa.suroori.chemist@gmail.com
2
گروه شیمی، دانشکده فیزیک و شیمی، دانشگاه الزهرا، ونک، تهران، ایران.
AUTHOR
حانیه
علی زاده
hny.a4262@gmail.com
3
دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، بیمارستان امام رضا، مشهد، ایران.
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
پیامدهای بحران بیماری کرونا در هنر معاصر ایران با تکیه بر حوزه های هنری نقاشی، مجسمه سازی، سینما و تئاتر
این مقاله با هدف بررسی تاثیر بیماری کرونا بر هنر معاصر ایران در هنرهای نقاشی، مجسمه سازی، تئاتر و سینما با نظری بر رویکردهای بازتاب و شکل دهی در حوزه جامعه شناسی هنر انجام شده است. در پژوهش حاضر از روش تحقیق توصیفی- تحلیلی استفاده شده و اطلاعات به روش های کتابخانه ای و میدانی جمع آوری شده است. در این راستا کشور ایران به عنوان قلمرو مکانی در نظر گرفته شده و تمرکز مطالعه بر فعالیت های هنری در تهران و در محدوده زمانی اسفند 98 تا شهریور 99 است. همچنین از ابزارهای پژوهش همچون مشاهده، مصاحبه و گزارش از خبرگان، هنرمندان و کارشناسان فعال، مراکز هنری اصلی و تاثیر گذار بهره گرفته شده است. یافته های این مطالعه نشان می دهد یکی از پیامدهای مثبت بحران کرونا توجه به ظرفیت ها و امکانات موجود در اینترنت و شبکه های مجازی در جهت عرضه و فروش آثار هنری، آموزش، برگزاری مسابقات و همایش ها و سایر حیطه های مربوط به هنر است که کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته یا آزموده شده بود. پیشتر، این تصور که ذات و ماهیت هنر، حضور فیزیکی افراد در اکثر فعالیت ها را طلب می کند امری پذیرفته شده بود اما در دوره قرنطینه برای جلوگیری از توقف یا کند شدن فعالیت های هنری اقداماتی چون نمایش و فروش مجازی آثار بصری، نمایش آنلاین، اکران آنلاین، سینما ماشین، لایواینستاگرام و آموزش مجازی هنر به مرحله اجرا رسید که نشان از بازتاب شرایط خاص جامعه در هنر دارد. اگرچه موارد فوق نمی تواند در همه زمینه ها جایگزین شیوه های حضوری و معمول گذشته شود اما اجرای آنها در دوره پسا کرونا در کنار شیوه های پیشین باعث جذب بیشتر مخاطب و بهره وری بیشتر اقتصادی در هنر خواهد شد. از سوی دیگر تولید آثار هنری، برگزاری نشست ها، همایش ها و مسابقات هنری با موضوع کرونا راهی برای همدلی، همفکری، هشدار و مشارکت افراد جامعه برای حل یک مشکل ملی و جهانی بوده که بر رویکرد شکل دهی هنر صحه ای دوباره می نهد.
https://rahyaft.nrisp.ac.ir/article_13863_3f46de92040d02a13a2574b9c485045c.pdf
2020-09-22
113
125
10.22034/rahyaft.2021.10452.1150
"نقاشی و مجسمه سازی"
"سینما و تئاتر"
"کرونا در ایران"
"جامعه شناسی هنر"." رویکرد بازتاب و شکل دهی"
فاطمه
شاهرودی
pajooheshhonar@yahoo.com
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استادیار دانشکده هنر دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران مرکزی، تهران، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
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