بررسی بودجۀ عمومی و پژوهشی دانشگاه های منتخب در ایران و جهان

نویسنده

عضو هیئت علمی مرکز تحقیقات سیاست علمی کشور

چکیده

امروزه اهمیت و نقش تحقیق و توسعه در رشد و توسعه اقتصادی کشورها بر کسی پوشیده نیست و در تمام دنیا عاملی مهم در افزایش توان ملی و تاب آوری اقتصادی محسوب می شود. در این میان دانشگاه ها از جمله مهم‌ترین مراکز تولید علم و فناوری به شمار می آیند. بنابراین موضوع تأمین مالی پژوهش های دانشگاهی، موضوعی بسیار مهم و تعیین کننده است؛ چرا که بودجه های پژوهشی دانشگاه و ساختار آن، می تواند نقشی مهم در جهت دهی پژوهش ها و به تبع آن رشد و توسعه ایفا نماید. انتخاب ساختار درست بودجه های پژوهشی به عوامل گوناگونی بستگی دارد و باید به فراخور نیاز جامعه و شرایط و محیط نهادی منحصر به هر کشور صورت گیرد. هدف اصلی مقالۀ حاضر بررسی ساختار تخصیص بودجۀ عمومی و پژوهشی به برخی دانشگاه های منتخب در سراسر جهان و ایران است. یافته های این بررسی نشان می دهد که تأمین مالی پژوهشی دانشگاه ها در کشور تنها از سوی دولت انجام‌ شده و سایر منابع سهم اندکی در این امر دارند و دانشگاه ها تنها به بودجه دولتی متکی هستند. که البته این مسئله ناشی عواملی است که هم دانشگاه و هم صنعت را از ایجاد ارتباط و تعامل با هم بازمیدارد. برخی از این عوامل عبارتند: عدم اطمینان از حفاظت کامل از حقوق مالکیت فکری در بخش صنعت، بوروکراسی و عدم انعطاف مدیریت دانشگاه‌ها، عدم وجود ارتباط و شبکه های ارتباطی قوی میان سرمایه گذاران و فعالان صنعت و دانشگاهیان، و ... . بررسی بودجۀ دانشگاه‌های مورد مطالعه نشان می دهد که علاوه بر نهادهای دولتی، نهادهای دیگر نیز در تأمین مالی دانشگاه ها نقش دارند و همچنین سهم بودجه های پژوهشی در ایران نسبت به دیگر دانشگاه ها بسیار اندک است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the general and research University budgets of selected universities in Iran and the world

نویسنده [English]

  • NaserAli Azimi
Member of the faculty of the Department of Science Economics ,National Research Institute for Science Policy
چکیده [English]

Today, the importance and role of research and development in the economic growth and development of countries are not hidden from anyone, and it is an important factor in increasing national power and economic resilience all over the world. universities are among the most important centers for the production of science and technology. Therefore, the issue of funding for academic research is a very important and decisive issue. Because the university's research budgets and structure can play an important role in guiding research and, consequently, growth and development. Proper structure of research budgets and the use of a combination of these budgets - public and private - tailored to the needs of society and existing problems, instead of paying attention to one type of budget can lead to better results. On the other hand, mere attention and use of only one type of budget can take the university out of its main path, which is the production of new knowledge and applied knowledge. The main purpose of this article is to examine how the general and research budgets of some selected universities around the world and Iran are allocated. The results of this study show that the financing of the country's universities is done only by the government and other sources have a small share in this case. An examination of the budgets of the universities in question shows that, in addition to government institutions, other institutions also play a role in financing universities. Also, the share of research budgets in the total budget of selected universities in the world is more than the selected universities in Iran.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • university research funding
  • Universities–industry collaboration
  • University funding Institutional environment

مراجع

[1]   Y. Nademi, Budget in Research and Economic Growth in Iran: Markov Switching Approach (Persian), Quarterly Journal of Research and Economic Policies, 1396, 25 (82): 197-231.
[2]   R. Freimane and S. Bāliņa, "Research and Development Expenditures and Economic Growth in the EU: A Panel Data Analysis, Economics and Business, 2016, 29 (1): 5-10.
[3]   R. e. a. Caballero, "Budgetary allocations and efficiency in the human resources policy of a university following multiple criteria," Economics of Education Review, 2004, 23 (1): 67-74.
[4]   m. Ezzati, Applying Performance Indicators on Financial Recourses Allocations, i.e. Performance Budgeting, in Higher Education Systems of Some Countries, The Journal of Planning and Budgeting, 2008, 13 (1): 155-185.
[5]   E. Abunoori, N. MohammadNejad and S. Delangizan, "Introducing a mathematical model for the distribution of research budgets among universities and research centers with the help of Delphi method (Persian), Faculty of Humanities, Semnan University, 1386, 6 (18).
[6]   M. Belitski, A. Aginskaja and R. Marozau, Commercializing university research in transition economies: Technology transfer offices or direct industrial funding?, Research Policy. , 2019, 48 (3): 601-615, 2019.
[7]   R. R. Nelson, The Simple Economics of Basic Scientific Research. Journal of Political Economy 67, 1959, 297-306.
[8]   K. J. Arrow, Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Inventions. In The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962.
[9]   A. A. Payne and A. Siow, Does Federal Research Funding Increase University Research Output? The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 2003, 3 (1).
[10]    M. C. Gibbons, H. Limoges, S. Nowotny, P. S. Schwartzman and M. Trow, The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies, London: Sage Publications, 1994.
[11]    Y. Chan and G. Kanatas, Asymmetric valuations and the role of collateral in loan agreements, Journal of money, credit and banking, 1985, 17 (1): 84-95.
[12]    D. Chatterji, Accessing external sources of technology, Research-Technology Management, 1996, 39 (2): 48-56.
[13]    R. Henderson, A. Jaffe and M. Trajtenberg, Universities as a source of commercial technology: a detailed analysis of university patenting, 1965–1988, Review of Economics and statistics, 1998, 80 (1): 119-127.
[14]    M. Leone and T. Reichstein, Licensing‐in fosters rapid invention! The effect of the grant‐back clause and technological unfamiliarity," Strategic Management Journal, 2012, 33 (8): 965-85.
[15]    A. Radnejad, H. Vredenburg and J. Woiceshyn, Meta-organizing for open innovation under environmental and social pressures in the oil industry, Technovation, 2017, 66: 14-27.
[16]    J. Stiglitz and A. Weiss, Credit rationing in markets with imperfect information, The American economic review, 1981, 71 (3): 393-410.
[17]    K. Tsai and J. Wang, External technology acquisition and firm performance: A longitudinal study, Journal of Business Venturing, 2008, 23 (1): 91-112.
[18]    A. A. Poor Ezzat, A. Gholipoor and S. Nadirkhanlou, "Explaining the Barriers to Academic Entrepreneurship and Knowledge Commercialization at the University of Tehran," Journal of Science & Technology Policy, 1389, 2 (4): 65-75.
[19]    P. David, D. Foray and W. E. Steinmueller, 13 The research network and the new economics of science: from metaphors to organizational behaviors, The organization of economic innovation in Europe, 1999.
[20]    E. Giuliani and V. Arza, What drives the formation of ‘valuable’university–industry linkages?: Insights from the wine industry, Research policy, 2009, 38 (6): 906-921.
[21]    L. Leydesdorff and M. Meyer, The Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations, Scientometrics, 2003, 58 (2): 191-203.
[22]    M. Perkmann and H. Schildt, Open data partnerships between firms and universities: The role of boundary organizations, Research Policy, 2015, 44 (5) 1133-1143.
[23]    A. Muscio, D. Quaglione and M. Scarpinato, The effects of universities proximity to industrial districts on university–industry collaboration, China Economic Review, 2012, 23 (3): 639-650.
[24]    D. North, Institutions, institutional change and economic performance, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
[25]    G. Chandrashekhar, Examining the impact of internationalization on competitive dynamics, Asian Business & Management, 2006, 5 (3): 399-417.
[26]    W. Kerr and R. Nanda, Financing innovation, Annual Review of Financial Economics, 2015, 7: 445-462.
[27]    F. Meyer-Krahmer and U. Schmoch, Science-based technologies: university–industry interactions in four fields, Research policy, 1998, 27 (8): 835-851.
[28]    A. Canhoto, S. Quinton, P. Jackson and S. Dibb, The co-production of value in digital, university–industry R&D collaborative projects, Industrial Marketing Management, 2016, 56: 86-96.
[29]    J. Berbegal-Mirabent, J. García and D. Ribeiro-Soriano, "University–industry partnerships for the provision of R&D services," Journal of Business Research, 2015, 68 (7): 1407-1413.
[30]    I. Han and C. Chuang, The antecedents and consequences of local embeddedness: A framework based on the rice industry in Taiwan, Asian Business & Management, 2015, 14 (3): 195-226.
[31]    R. Mao and J. Xu, Population aging, consumption budget allocation and sectoral growth, China Economic Review, 2014, 30: 44-65.
[32]    M. Taube, Institutional idiosyncrasies and alternative ways of doing business: What can we learn from East Asia? Asian Business & Management, 2015, 14 (4): 251-256.
[33]    Q. Zhu and X. Peng, The impacts of population change on carbon emissions in China during 1978–2008, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2012, 36: 1-8.
[34]    X. Fu and Y. Gong, Indigenous and foreign innovation efforts and drivers of technological upgrading: evidence from China, World development, 2011, 39 (7): 1213-1225.
[35]    X. Nguyen, Collateralizing Intellectual Property, Ga. L. Rev., 2007, 42 (1).
[36]    Y. Wang, Y. Chen, W. Li, T. Wang, L. Guo, J. Li-Ying and J. Huang, Funding research in universities: do government resources act as a complement or substitute to industry funding? Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 2020, 33 (1): 1377-1393.
[37]    M. Evan Comen, S. Stebbins and C. F. Thomas, The 20 universities getting the most money from the federal government, 2017.
[38]    https://web.mit.edu/facts/financial.html.
[39]    https://www.bestcolleges.com/features/colleges-with-highest-research-and-development-expenditures.
[40]    https://finance.harvard.edu/financial-overview.
[41]    https://www.bestcolleges.com/features/colleges-with-highest-research-and-development-expenditures.
[42]    Available: 2017/18, U.o.O.F.S.
[43]    https://www.mcgill.ca/budget/budget-book.
[44]    http://www.du.ac.in/du/index.php?page=finance.
[45]    http://www.uct.ac.za/main/about/finance/annual-statements.
[46]    https://about.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/.../2017-annual-report.pdf.
 

فایل ها

همرسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار