The Time-Location dependent phenomenon of ‎Commercialization of Scientific Research:‎ ‎ A look at the situation in Iran compared to the world

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, National Research Institute for Science Policy

2 Associate Professor, Geographical Sciences and Social Studies Research Center, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran

Abstract

In the last four decades, the commercialization of scientific research has ‎become a common discourse in the world science and technology ‎management. In Iran, too, the proponents and opponents of this discourse ‎have been debating in terms of theory and operation for nearly a decade. It ‎seems that a trans-temporal and trans-spatial view of science and its ‎commercialization has dominated this discourse. This paper shows that the ‎commercialization of scientific research is a context-based phenomenon. This ‎phenomenon has taken place over a hundred years of evolution in the ‎organization of science in the United States and the world. From this, we ‎conclude that the appropriate theoretical framework for entering the discourse ‎of commercialization, and also analysis of the situation in Iran, should pay ‎attention to the Time-Location dependent of that. In this regard, we propose a ‎suitable conceptual framework for analyzing the situation in Iran. The method ‎used in this paper is the theoretical-philosophical analysis. Finally, to the ‎extent that the available documents and information allow, we will assess the ‎context conditions for the commercialization of scientific research in Iran.‎

Keywords

References

[1]    Lamoreaux NR, Raff DM, Temin P. Beyond markets and hierarchies: Toward a new synthesis of American business history. The American Historical Review. 2003; 108 (2): 404-33.
[2]    Krimsky, S. [Science in the private interest: Has the lure ‎of ‎profits ‎corrupted ‎biomedical research?]. Rowman & Littlefield‎.; ‎2004.
[3]    Lave R, Mirowski P, Randalls S. Introduction: ‎STS ‎and ‎neoliberal ‎science. ‎Social Study of Science. 2010; 40 (5): 659-675.‎
[4]    Lambert C, Parker A, Neary M. ‎Entrepreneurialism ‎and ‎critical ‎pedagogy: ‎reinventing the higher education ‎curriculum. ‎Teaching ‎in Higher ‎Education. ‏2007‏; 12 (4): 525-‎‎537.‎
[5]    Sismondo S. Ghosts in the machine: publication planning in ‎the medical ‎sciences. Social Studies of Science. 2009; 39 (2): 171-198.‎ ‎
[6]    ‎Rothbard MN. [Science, technology, and ‎government]. ‎Ludwig ‎von ‎Mises ‎Institute; 2015.
[7]    Schillo S. Commercialization and Public ‎Good: ‎Conflict, ‎Complement, ‎or ‎Critical Component? ‎Technology ‎Innovation ‎Management Review. 2014; 4 (7): 27-37.‎
[8]    Mirowski P, Van Horn R. The contract ‎research ‎organization ‎and ‎the ‎commercialization of scientific ‎research. Social ‎studies of science. 2005; ‎‎35 (4): ‎‎503-548.‎
[9]    ‏Nelson RR. The simple economics of basic ‎scientific ‎research. ‎Journal ‎of ‎political economy.1959; 67 (3): 297-306.‎
[10]    Johnson HG. Some economic aspects of science. ‎Minerva. 1972; ‎‎10 (1): 10-18.‎
[11]    Arrow KJ. Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention. InReadings in industrial economics 1972 (pp. 219-236). Palgrave, London.
[12]    ‏Brown JR. Privatizing the university--the new ‎tragedy ‎of ‎the ‎commons. ‎Science. 2000; 290 (5497): 1701-2.‎
[13]    ‏Evans JA. Industry collaboration, scientific ‎sharing, ‎and ‎the ‎dissemination of ‎knowledge. Social Studies of Science. 2010; ‎‎40 (5): 757-‎‎791.‎
[14]    Mousavi, A; Baradaran Nikou, M. The Debate of ‎Scientific ‎Research ‎Commercialization:‎‏ ‏Critical Reading of Literature and ‎Drawing a ‎Path for Future ‎Research. ‎(Persion)‎. Rahyaft. 2018; 71: 33-53.
[15]    Mirowski P, Sent EM. The commercialization of ‎science ‎and ‎the ‎response of ‎STS.‎‏ 2008‏.
[16]    Chandler A. [The Visible Hand]. ‎Harvard ‎University ‎Press; 1977.
[17]    ‏Graham M. Corporate Research and ‎Development: ‎The ‎Latest ‎Transformation. ‎Technology in Society. 1985; 7 (2). ‏179–95.‎
[18]    Mirowski P. The Scientific Dimensions of ‎Social ‎Knowledge. ‎Studies in ‎the History and‏ ‏Philosophy of Science. 2004; 35 (2): ‎‎283–326.‎
[19]    ‏Langlois R. Chandler in the Larger Frame. Enterprise ‎and ‎Society. 2004; 5 (3): ‎‎355–‎‎75.‎
[20]    ‏Drahos P, Braithwaite J. [Information Feudalism: ‎Who Owns ‎the ‎Knowledge Economy?]. New York: New Press; 2002.
[21]    Hart, D. Antitrust and Technological Innovation in ‎the ‎U.S.: ‎Ideas, ‎Institutions, ‎Decisions and Impacts, 1890–2000. ‎Research ‎Policy. 2001; 30 (6): 923–‎‎36.‎
[22]    Slaughter S, Rhoades G. [Academic Capitalism and ‎the ‎New ‎Economy]. Baltimore, MD:‎‏ Johns Hopkins Press; ‏2004.
[23]    Geiger, R. [Knowledge and Money]. ‎Stanford ‎CA: ‎Stanford ‎University Press; 2004.
[24]    Buderi R. [Engines of Tomorrow]. New York, Simon ‎& ‎Schuster; 2000. ‏
[25]    Hermann A, Krige J, Mersits U, Pestre D. [History of CERN]. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: North-Holland; 1987.
[26]    Narula R. [Globalization and Technology]. Cambridge: ‎Polity ‎Press;‏ 2003.
[27]    ‏Hargreaves HS. Making British Universities ‎Accountable: ‎In ‎the ‎Public ‎Interest?. In Philip Mirowski & Esther-Mirjam ‎Sent ‎‎(eds). ‎Science ‎Bought and Sold. ‎Chicago: University of Chicago ‎Press; ‏2002; 387–‎‎411.‎
[28]    Miyake S. Universities Get Taste of Business ‎World. ‎Nikkei ‎Weekly. ‎July 26. ‏2004.
[29]    Apple MW. Education, markets, and an audit culture. Critical quarterly. 2005; 47 (1‐2): 11-29.
[30]    Farasatkhah [M. Universtiy and Higher Education: ‎Universal ‎Perspectives and ‎Iranian Problems ‎(‎Persion)‎]. Tehran: Ney Publishing; ‏2010.
[31]    ‏Zaker Salehi G. Iranian University and The Function & ‎Identity ‎Conflict: ‎Seeking the Lost Model ‎(Persion)‎. Foundation of Education. 2017; ‎‎27-43.
[32]    Mahdavy H. The Pattern and Problems of ‎Economic ‎Development ‎in ‎Rentier ‎States: The Case of Iran. in Cook, ‎M. A. (Ed.), ‎Studies in the ‎Economic ‎History of the ‎Middle East. ‎Oxford, Oxford ‎University ‎Press.‎ ‏Critical ‎Quarterly. 1977; (47), ‎‎11–29.‎ ‎
[33]    ‏Yates DA. [The Rentier State in Africa: ‎Oil ‎Rent ‎Dependency ‎and ‎Neocolonialism in the Republic of Gabon]. ‎Trenton, ‎NJ: ‎African World ‎Pres; 1996.
[34]    Ghanei Rad M. Patterns and functions of managing the ‎scientific system ‎of the ‎country (Persion). Chapter 3: Knowledge Asynchrony: ‎Science Relationships and Socio-‎‎Economic Systems in Iran. Tehran: ‎National Research Institute of Science Policy; 2002.
[35]    ‏Zahlan A. [Science and Science policy in the Arab ‎World]. ‎New ‎York: ‎St. ‎Martin’s Press; ‏1980.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics