نوآوری مسئولانه مشخصه ها، چالش ها و ساز و کارهای پیاده سازی آن

نویسندگان

1 پژوهشگر پژوهشگاه ارتباطات و فناوری اطلاعات، تهران، ایران

2 عضو هیئت علمی مرکز تحقیقات سیاست علمی کشور

چکیده

نوآوری مسئولانه به معنای احساس مسئولیت تمام ذینعان یک نوآوری در قبال اثرات اجتماعی، اخلاقی و زیست محیطی آن است. روند شتابان شکل‌گیری نوآوری‌ها و گستردگی و نرخ بالای نفوذ آنها، خصوصا در حوزه‌های زیست فناوری و فناوری‌های ارتباطات و اطلاعات، اتخاذ رویکرد نوآوری مسئولانه را ضروری می‌سازد. مقاله حاضر، با هدف معرفی و ترویج این مفهوم، به روش توصیفی- مروری و بر مبنای مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و بررسی متون و ادبیات این حوزه تدوین شده است. این پژوهش، ضمن تعریف دقیق مفهوم نوآوری مسئولانه و بررسی سیر تکامل آن، به چالش‌ها و ساز و کارهای پیاده سازی آن می‌پردازد. یافته‌های مقاله حاکی از آنست که در نوآوری مسئولانه، جهت‌دهی به نوآوری، پیش از پیدایش آن (رویکرد پیشنگر) از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است. هدف از جهت‌دهی، فراتر از کاهش اثرات زیانبار اجتماعی، اخلاقی و زیست محیطی نوآوری است: جهت-دهی به نوآوری‌ها برای رفع ابرچالش‌های جامعه و کمک به نوآوران، از ابتدای فرآیند نوآوری برای لحاظ کردن دغدغه‌ها و معیارهای پذیرش اجتماعی و در نتیجه پیشگیری ازعدم استقبال جامعه و شکست نوآوری است. نکته مهم دیگر مورد تاکید این مقاله اینست که از آنجاییکه در نوآوری مسئولانه، تنها ناظر بر نوآوری، نهاد متمرکز حاکمیتی (دولتی) نیست، بلکه کلیه ذینفعان یک نوآوری مسئول هستند، شفاف بودن فرآیند نوآوری برای همه ذینفعان، ضروری است و برای برقراری این مهم، وجود قوانین مالکیت فکری از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار می-گردد. ضرورت ایجاد حکمرانی نوآوری در برقراری نوآوری مسئولانه، از دیگر نکات مورد تاکید این مقاله است که با تسهیل در مشارکت ذینفعان و به کارگیری منشور اخلاقی، استانداردها و مجوزها امکان‌پذیر می‌گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Responsible Innovation: Characteristics, Challenges and Implementing Mechanisms

نویسندگان [English]

  • Leila Mansourifar 1
  • Mojgan Samandar Ali Eshtehardi 2
1 ITRC
2 NRISP
چکیده [English]

Responsible innovation means the sense of responsibility of all stakeholders of an innovation to its social, moral and environmental effects. The rapid pace of innovation and its breadth and high rate of influence, especially in the fields of biotechnology and information and communication technologies, necessitate a responsible approach in this regard. The present article, with the aim of introducing and promoting this concept, has been compiled in a descriptive-review method and based on library studies and related literature review. This research, while accurately defining the concept of responsible innovation and examining its evolution, addresses the challenges and mechanisms of its implementation. The findings of the article indicate that in responsible innovation, orienting to innovation before its emergence (predictive approach) is of particular importance. The purpose of orientation goes beyond mitigating the harmful social, ethical, and environmental effects of innovation; it helps innovators from the beginning of the innovation process to address concerns and social acceptance issues and thus prevention of community rejection and failure of innovation. Another important point emphasized in this article is that since in responsible innovation the centralized (governmental) governing body is not the only supervisory entity but all stakeholders of that innovation are also responsible for, the transparency of the innovation process is essential for all stakeholders and consequently the existence of intellectual property laws is of particular importance. The need to establish innovation governance in responsible innovation is another point emphasized in this article, which is made possible by facilitating stakeholder participation and the application of ethical charters, standards and licenses

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Responsible Innovation
  • Stakeholders
  • Societal desirability
[1] A. Pour ezzat, A. Sadabadi, S. Damirchiloo and M. Pakzad, Useful Knowledge; Knowledge Policy Making for Developing the Public Interest by Fuzzy Approach (Persian), Rahyaft, 2014; 24 (57): 17-34.
[2] R. V. Schomberg, A Vision of Responsible Research and Innovation, in Responsible Innovation: Managing the Responsible Emergence of Science and Innovation in Society, New York, NY, USA, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2013; 51-75.
[3] H. Chesbrough, Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology., Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2003.
[4] B. Koops, The Concepts, Approaches, and Applications of Responsible Innovation, in Responsible Innovation 2: Concepts, Approaches, and Applications, Springer, 2015; 1-15.
[5] Stilgoe J., Owen r., Macnagten p., Developing a framework for responsible innovation, Research Policy, 2013; 49 (2): 1568-1580.
[6] Owen, R.,Macnaghten, P., & Stilgoe, J, Responsible research and innovation: from Science in Society to Science for Society, with Society., Science and Public Policy, 2012; 39 (6): 751-760.
[7] E. Rogers, Diffusion of innovations, New Yor: Free Press, 2003.
[8] E. V. Hippel, Democratizing Innovation, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2005.
[9] Edler L. and Georghiou J., Public procurement and innovation—Resurrecting the demand side, Research Policy, 2007; 36: 949-963.
[10] Saviotti, P. & Pyka, A, On the Co-Evolution of Innovation and Demand: Some Policy Implications, Revue de l'OFCE, 2012; 124 (5): 347-388.
[11] Schlaile, M.P., K. Klein, and W. Böck, From Bounded Morality to Consumer Social Responsibility: A Transdisciplinary Approach to Socially Responsible Consumption and Its Obstacles, Journal of Business Ethics, 2018; 149: 561-588.
[12] S. R. Davies and M. Horst, Responsible innovation in the US, UK and Denmark: Governance landscapes, in Responsible Innovation 2, Cham, Springer, 2015; 37-56.
[13] K. Alasti, Responsible Research and Innovation and the Concept of Moral Responsibility (Persian), Quarterly Journal of Methodology of Social Sciences and Humanities (MSSH),2019; 25 (100): 59-80.
[14] Heshmati A.; Maleki A., Responsible Governance of Research and Innovation in Universities (Persian), Journal of Iranian Social Studies, 2018; 12 (2): 28-52.
[15] A. Moussavi, Avenues of Contact and Collaboration for Philosophy of Science with STI Policy (Persian), Journal Of Science And Technology Policy,2019; 11 (2): 17-28.
[16] V. Pareto, Manual of political economy, New York: Kelley: Reprint ed, 1971.
[17] W. Jevons, The theory of political economy (1965 reprinted 5th ed.), New York: Sentry Press, 1871/1957.
[18] L. Walras, Elements of pure economics or the theory of social wealth, 1969 ed, Cranbury: Scholar’s Bookshelf., 1874.
[19] M. Kudic, Innovation networks in the German laser industry: Evolutionary change, strategic positioning, and firm innovativeness., Cham: Springer, 2015.
[20] J. Courvisanos, The ontology of innovation: Human agency in the pursuit of novelty, History of Economics, 2007; 45: 41-59.
[21] B. Greene, The fabric of the cosmos: Space, time, and the texture of reality, New York: Random House, 2004.
[22] Owen R., Stilgoe J., Macnaghten P., Gorman M., Erik Fisher, and Guston D., A Framework for Responsible Innovation, in Responsible Innovation, J. B. a. M. H. Richard Owen, Ed., UK, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2013; 27-50.
[23] Buchmann T., and Pyka A., Innovation networks., in Handbook on the economics and theory of the firm, Cheltenham:, Edward Elgar, 2012; 466-482.
[24] Schlaile M., Mueller M., Schramm M., Pyka A., Evolutionary Economics, Responsible Innovation and Demand: Making a Case for the Role of Consumers, Philosophy of Management,2018; 17: 7-39.
[25] Narimani M., Hosseini J., The Theoretical Foundations of Science, Technology and Innovation Policy from the View of Economic Schools (Persian), Journal of Science and Technology Policy, 2019; 11 (2): 58-70.
[26] R. Von Schomberg, The New Paradigm for Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, Editon Sigma, 2015.
[27] Commission of the European Communities, Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies: An Action Plan for Europe 2005-2009-Second Implementation Report 2007-2009, the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee, 2009.
[28] Karinen, R.; Guston, D.H., Towards Anticipatory Governance. The Experience with Nanotechnology, in Governing Future Technologies. Nanotechnology and the Rise of an Assessment Regime, Dordrecht, 2010; 217-232 .
[29] R. Von Schomberg, From the ethics of technology towards and ethics of knowledge, Working document of the Service of the European Commission, 2007.
[30] M. v. Oudheusden, Where are the politics in responsible innovation? European governance, technology assessments, and beyond, Journal of Responsible Innovation, 2014; 1 (1): 67-86.
[31] Koops B.J., Oosterlaken I, Romijn H., Swierstra T., and Van Den Hoven J., Responsible Innovation 2: Concepts, Approaches, and Applications, Switzerland: Springer, Cham, 2015.
 

[32] Hartley S., Pearce W., and Taylor A., Against the Tide of Depoliticisation: The Politics of Research Governance," Policy & Politics, 2017; 45 (3): 361-377.

[33] Ribeiro B., Robert D.J. S., and Millar K., A Mobilising Concept? Unpacking Academic Representations of Responsible Research and Innovation, Science and Engineering Ethics, 2017; 23 (1): 81-103.
[34] Freeman, R. Edward, Jeffrey S. Harrison, Andrew C. Wicks, Bidhan Parmar, and Simone de Colle, Stakeholder Theory: The State of the Art, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
[35] Blok V., and Lemmens P., The emerging concept of responsible innovation. Three reasons why it is questionable and calls for a radical transformation of the concept of innovation, in Responsible innovation 2: Concepts, approaches, and applications, Springer, Cham, 2015; 19-35.
[36] A. Islam, Methods of open innovation knowledge sharing risk reduction: a case study, International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning,2012; 2 (4): 294-297.
[37] J. West, Appropriability and open innovation, in Open innovation: researching a new paradigm, New York, Oxford University Press, 2006; 109-133.
[38] Burchell J. and Cook J., Stakeholder dialogue and organizational learning: changing relationships between companies and NGOs, Business Ethics: A European Review, 2008; 17 (1): 35-46.
[39] V. Blok, Look who’s talking: responsible innovation, the paradox of dialogue and the voice of the other in communication and negotiation processes, Journal of Responsible Innovation, 2014; 1 (2): 171-190.
[40] Lawson B., K.J. Petersen, P.D. Cousins and R.B. Handfield, Knowledge sharing in interorganizational product development teams: the effect of formal and informal socialization mechanisms, Journal of Product Innovation Management,2009; 26 (2): 156-172.
[41] Selsky J.W. and B. Parker, Platforms for cross-sector social partnerships: prospective sensemaking devices for social benefit, Journal of Business Ethics,2010; 94 (1): 21-37.
[42] R. Von Schomberg, The Quest for the ‘Right’ Impacts of Science and Technology: A Framework for Responsible Research and Innovation,, Springer, 2014.
[43] Bedau M. A., E. C. Parke, U. Tangen and B. Hantsche-Tangen, Social and ethical checkpoints for bottom-up synthetic biology, or protocells, Systems and Synthetic Biology, 2009; 65 (3).
[44] Faure M. and Niessen N., Environmental Law and Development,, Cheltenham,: Edward Elgar, 2006.
[45] Moulaee A. and lotfi H., The Fragility of the Borders of Precautionary and Preventive Principles (Persian), International Law Review, 2019; 36 (60): 269-290.
[46] Raffensperger C. and Tickne, J. A., Protecting Public Helth & the Environment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle, Washington,: Island Press, 1999.
[47] European Communities, Better regulation. Simply explained., Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg:, 2006.
[48] R. Van Est, From techno-talk to social reflection and action. Lessons from public, in International workshop Deliberating converging, Berlin, Nov 2010; 25-26.