گونه‌شناسی رشته‌های دانشگاهی براساس اشتغال دانش‌آموختگان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار مدیریت فناوری،دبیرخانه شورای عالی انقلاب فرهنگی،تهران ،ایران

2 دانش‌آموخته دکتری سیاستگذاری علم و فناوری، گروه مدیریت فناوری اطلاعات، دانشکده مدیریت و اقتصاد، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.

3 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی شیمی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران.

4 دکتری آموزش عالی، دانش آموخته دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، مرکز پژوهش‌های مجلس شورای اسلامی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

موضوع کلان اشتغال، یکی از مهم‌ترین مسائل پیشِ روی کشور است و در میان زیر بخش‌های آن، مسئله اشتغال دانش‌آموختگان از جایگاهی ویژه برخوردار است چراکه دربرگیرنده هزینه - فرصت فردی و ملی قابل‌توجهی می‌باشد. دراین‌راستا سیاست‌گذاری درست و مؤثر در زمینه اشتغال دانش‌آموختگان نیازمند اطلاعات صحیح و دقیق است. در حال حاضر فضای اشتغال بیشتر با شاخص‌هایی نظیر نرخ بیکاری و فعالیت اقتصادی توصیف می‌شود. اگرچه شاخص‌هایی از این جنس می‌تواند بخشی از مشکلات فضای کسب‌وکار دانش‌آموختگان را نشان دهد، اما به‌تنهایی برای دستیابی به نگاهی کلان و برنامه‌ریزی در این حوزه مناسب نیست. دراین‌راستا در مطالعات جهانی نشان می‌دهد معمولاً از شاخص‌های تناسب مهارت - شغل، عنوان رشته - شغل و مقطع - شغل در مقیاس گسترده استفاده می‌گردد. براین‌اساس در مقاله حاضر بر مبنای آمار طرح آمارگیری نیروی کار و با روشی بومی و ابتکاری، شاخص‌های جمعیت فعال، شاغل، دارای شغل مرتبط و دارای سطح تحصیلات مناسب برای دانش‌آموختگان رشته‌های مختلف دانشگاهی کشور محاسبه شدند. درادامه رشته‌های تحصیلی براساس دو بعد اشتغال (براساس شاخص‌های سهم جمعیت فعال از کل فارغ‌التحصیلان و سهم شاغلان از جمعیت فعال) و آموزش (براساس شاخص‌های سهم شاغلان دارای شغل مرتبط از مجموع شاغلان و سهم شاغلان دارای سطح تحصیلات متناسب از شاغلان دارای شغل مرتبط) ارزیابی شدند. در ادامه با طراحی چارچوبی نه‌خانه‌ای براساس وضعیت مطلوب، نیمه‌مطلوب و نامطلوب هریک از ابعاد اشتغال و آموزش، رشته‌های دانشگاهی در پنج گونه رشته‌های توسعه‌نیافته (هنر و علوم زیستی)، رشته‌های کمتر توسعه‌یافته (حقوق، خدمات فردی، معماری، علوم فیزیکی، صنعت، علوم رفتاری و کشاورزی)، رشته‌های درحال‌گذار (بازرگانی و ریاضیات)، رشته‌های توسعه نامتوازن (مهندسی)، رشته‌های توسعه‌یافته (دامپزشکی، خدمات امنیتی، روزنامه‌نگاری و علوم انسانی) و رشته‌های پیشگام (بهداشت و تربیت معلم) طبقه‌بندی شدند. درنهایت تعمیق یافته‌ها با انطباق آن‌ها با داده‌های تکمیلی (نظیر سهم رشته‌ها در گروه‌های شغلی مختلف و سهم اشتغال خصوصی و کارآفرینی رشته‌ها) صورت پذیرفت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Typology of university fields based on graduates' employment

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyyed Ali Fatemi Khorasgani 1
  • Mehdi Fatemi 2
  • Seyyed Mehdi Hoseini Davarani 3
  • Mahdi Mahdi 4
1 Assistant Professor of Technology Management, Secretariat of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, Tehran, Iran
2 Ph.D. in Science and Technology Policy, Department of Information Technology Management, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
3 M.Sc. student in Chemical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran.
4 PhD in Higher Education,, Graduate of Shahid Beheshti University, Parliament Research Center, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

The macro issue of employment is one of the most critical issues facing the country. Graduate employment has a special place among its sub-sectors because it involves significant individual and national opportunity costs. Correct and effective policy-making in graduate employment requires correct and accurate information. The employment environment is mainly described by indicators such as unemployment and economic activity. Although indicators can show part of the problems of the graduate business environment, more is needed to achieve a macro view and planning in this field. Global studies show that skill-job fit indicators, field title-job and degree-job are usually used on a wide scale. Therefore, in the present article, based on the statistics of the labour force census plan and with a local and innovative method, the indicators of the active population, employed, having a related job and having a suitable level of education for the graduates of different university fields of the country were calculated. In the continuation of the study fields based on the two dimensions of employment (based on the indicators of the share of the active population from the total graduates and the share of the employed from the active population) and education (based on the indicators of the share of employees with related jobs from the total number of employees and the share of employees with a proportional level of education from employees with related jobs) became In the following, by designing a nine-house framework based on the favorable, semi-favorable and unfavorable status of each aspect of employment and education, academic fields in five types of undeveloped fields (art and biological sciences), less developed fields (law, personal services, architecture, physical sciences, industry, Behavioral sciences and agriculture), emerging fields (business and mathematics), unbalanced development fields (engineering), developed fields (veterinary science, security services, journalism and humanities) and pioneering fields (health and teacher education) were classified. Finally, the findings were deepened by matching them with additional data (such as the share of majors in different occupational groups and the share of private employment and entrepreneurship of majors).

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • higher education
  • academic fields
  • employment
  • typology
  • Iran

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