فرصت ها و تهدیدهای ویروس کرونا برای محیط زیست

نویسنده

دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

چکیده

پس از شیوع بیماری کرونا در جهان زندگی انسان، موجودات زنده و محیط زیست آنها به شکل‌های مختلف تحت تاثیر قرار گرفت. شیوع ویروس کرونا فرصت ها و چالش های متعددی را بر محیط زیست جهان به همراه داشته است. هدف از این مقاله بررسی اثرات شیوع بیماری کرونا برمحیط زیست است.
این پژوهش به روش کتابخانهای و مروری به بررسی اثرات ویروس کرونا 19 بر محیط زیست پرداخته است، به شکلی که مقالات و پژوهش های مرتبط با موضوع بررسی و تحلیل شده است.
نتایج حاصل از منابع منتشر شده نشان می دهد که قرنطینه و الزام به ماندن انسان‌ها در خانه، به منظور قطع زنجیره انتقال کرونا، موجب شد که حیوانات احساس امنیت کرده، از قلمرو طبیعی خود خارج و وارد محدوده‌های شهری و روستایی شوند. کاهش آلودگی صوتی و آلودگی هوا و انتشار گازهای گلخانهای بواسطه کاهش تردد خودروها و تعطیلی موقت کارخانهها، از دیگر اثرات مثبت شیوع کرونا است که به بهبود کیفیت هوا و کاهش تبعات گرمشدن کره زمین کمک کرده است. در کنار این آثار مثبت، کاهش فعالیتهای حفاظتی در ایام کرونا در برخی از مناطق، تخریب زیستگاه‌ها و شکار غیرمجاز را افزایش داده است. افزایش تولید پسماندهای خانگی و بیمارستانی، افزایش مصرف پلاستیک و مواد یکبارمصرف و کاهش بازیافت پسماند از آثار منفی همه‌گیری ویروس کرونا است که با از بین‌بردن منابع، باعث فشار بر محیط زیست می شود. افزایش مصرف شوینده ها و مواد ضدعفونی کننده اثرات مخرب زیادی بر محیط زیست خواهد داشت.
به طور کلی، به نظر می رسد که اثرات مثبت ویروس کرونا بر محیط زیست موقت و کوتاه مدت بوده و در مقایسه با تبعات طولانی‌مدت ناشی از آن اندک است. بنابراین باید با غلبه بر کرونا، بر ساختن دوباره جامعه و اقتصاد سالم تمرکز کرده و با شناخت کامل از فرصت ها و تهدید های این ویروس، رفتارهای محیط زیستی را آگاهانه آموزش داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Opportunists and threats of coronavirus

نویسنده [English]

  • mansoureh malekian
چکیده [English]

After the outbreak of coronavirus in the world, the life of humans, living organisms and their environment were changed in various ways. COVID-19 pandemic provided many opportunities and challenges for the environment. The current paper aims to investigate the positive effects and negative impacts of coronavirus on the environment.
This study was conducted by applying the library and review methodology to investigate the positive effects and negative consequences of Coronavirus on the environment, in a way that current literature and research topics related to the subject have been reviewed and analyzed.
Results show that, as humans stay indoors to prevent the spread of COVID-19, animals feel safe, get out of their natural realms, and into urban and rural areas. Reduction of environmental noise level and greenhouse gas emissions, because of reducing car traffic and temporarily shutting down factories, are another positive short-term effects of the coronavirus pandemic, which has helped to clean the air and reduce the effects of global warming. Beside these positive effects, habitat destruction, illegal trafficking and poaching of wild animals have increased in some areas. Growing the production of household and hospital waste, increasing the consumption of plastic and disposable materials and reduction of waste recycling are some of negative effects of coronavirus pandemic which by destroying resources, put pressure on the environment. Increasing the use of detergents and disinfectants will have a devastating effect on nature and biodiversity.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Environment
  • ؛ Wildlife
  • ؛ Climate change
  • ؛ Coronavirus
  • ؛ Pandemic

مراجع

[1]   Brooks T, Mittermeier R, da Fonseca A, Gerlach J, Hoffmann M, Lamoreux J. Global biodiversity conservation priorities. Science. 2006; 313 (5783): 58-61.
[2]   Tiwari R, Dhama K, Khan S, Yatoo D, Malik Y, Rajendra S. COVID-19: animals, veterinary and zoonotic links. The Veterinary quarterly. 2020; 40(1): 169-182.
[3]   Tyrrell D. Cultivation of a novel type of common cold virus in organ culture. British Medical Journal. 1965; 1 (7118): 1467-1470.
[4]   Fox D. What you need to know about the Wuhan coronavirus. Nature. 2020 (24 Jan). http://doi:101038/d41586-020-00209-y.
[5]   Geller C, Varbanov M, Duval RE. Human coronaviruses: insights into environmental resistance and its influence on the development of new antiseptic strategies. Viruses. 2012; 4 (11): 3044-3068.
[6]   Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020; 579 (7798): 270-273.
[7]   Madjnoonian H. Protected Areas Criteria & Guidlinges for selection, conservation (Persian). Dey Negar, Tehran 2014. 414.
[8]   Sharma U. Animals have come home. Covid-19 lockdown gives control back into nature’s hands. The Print. 2020. available at https://theprintin/opinion/pov/animals-have-come-home-covid-19-lockdown-gives-control-back-into-natures-hands/395218/. 2020; 4 April.
[9]   Brookshire B. Five reasons you might be seeing more wildlife during the COVID-19 pandemic. Science News. 2020. available at https://wwwsciencenewsorg/article/coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic-reasons-seeing-more-wildlife, June 2020.
[10]    Swaisgood R, Wang D, Wei F. Giant Panda, (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. available at https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK. 2016-2.RLTS.T712A45033386.en.
[11]    Jackson A. A zoo has been trying to get two pandas to mate for 10 years. When coronavirus shut the zoo down, the pandas finally did. 2020. available at https://editioncnncom/travel/article/pandas-mate-ocean-park-trnd/indexhtml.
[12]    Bakhtiari F. COVID-19: economic pressure plundering nature. Tehran Times. 2020. available at https://wwwtehrantimescom/news/454993/COVID-19-economic-pressure-plundering-nature.Retrived November 23, 2020.
[13]    International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation. Impacts of COVID-19 on hunting. 2020. available at http://www.cic-wildlife.org/2020/11/23/impacts-of-covid-19-on-hunting-updates-23-november-2020.
[14]    Mansoori J. The avian community of five Iranian wetlands, Miankaleh, Fereidoon-Kenar, Bujagh, Anzali and Lavandevil, in the south Caspian lowlands. Podoces. 2009; 4 (1): 44-59.
[15]    Corlett R, Primack R, Devictor V, Maas B, Goswami V, Bates A. Impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on biodiversity conservation. Biological conservation. 2020; 246: 108571-108573.
[16]    Chen K, Wang M, Huang C, Kinney P, Paul A. Air pollution reduction and mortality benefit during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. 2020. medRxiv, https://doiorg/101101/202003232 0039842.
[17]    WHO. Air pollution. 2016. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019, Retrived 10 June 2020.
[18]    [18] CAMS. Amid Coronavirus outbreak: Copernicus monitors reduction of particulate matter (PM2.5) over China, https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/amid-coronavirus-outbreak-copernicusmonitors, Accessed: 5 June 2020. 2020.
[19]    Hampe A, Petit R. Conserving biodiversity under climate change: the rear edge matters. Ecology letters. 2005; 8 (5): 461-467.
[20]    McMahon J. New data show air pollution drop around 50 percent in some cities during corona virus lockdown. 2020. Retrived 10 April 2020, available at https://wwwforbescom/sites/ jeffmcmahon/2020/04/16/air-pollution-drop-surpasses-50-percent-in-some-cities-during-coronavirus-lockdown/#7a20b144557b.
[21]    ESA. 5P/COVID-19 nitrogen dioxide over China, www.esa.int/Applications/Observing _the_ Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel, Accessed: 4 June 2020. 2020.
[22]    Bull A. Coastal and Marine Tourism: Routledge Pub. UK; 2019.
[23]    UNDP. Global Environment Outlook, GEO 6: Cambridge, UK; 2019.
[24]    Zambrano-Monserrate M, Ruano M. Does environmental noise affect housing rental prices in developing countries? Land Use Policy. 2019; 87 (1): 104059.
[25]    Straittimes. Poaching attempts increase amid India coronavirus lockdown as rare rhino killed. 2020. Available from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/poaching-attempts-increase-amid-india-coronavirus-lockdown-as-rare-rhino-killed.
[26]    Abdi M. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Iran: Actions and problems. Infection control and hospital epidemiology. 2020; 41 (6): 754-755.
[27]    Roberton J, Bodo L. Deforestation of the Amazon has soared under cover of the coronavirus.2020. Availabe at https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/deforestation-amazon-has-soared-under-cover-coronavirus-n120445.
[28]    Shi J, Wen Z, Zhong G, Yang H, Wang C, Huang B. Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS-coronavirus 2. Science. 2020; 10: 1126/ science. abb7015. Epub 2020/04/10.
[29]    USDA. United States Department of Agriculture, statement on the confirmation of COVID-19 in a tiger in New York. 2020. Available at https://www.aphis. usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/news/sa_by_date/sa-2020/nyzoo- covid-19. 2020.
[30]    Almendros A. Can companion animals become infected with Covid-19? Veterinary Record. 2020; 186 (12): 388-389.
[31]    Morgan L, Protopopova A, Birkler R, Itin-Shwartz B, Sutton G, Gamliel A. Human-dog relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic: booming dog adoption during social isolation. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 2020; 7 (155): https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00649-x.
[32]    Parry NMA. COVID-19 and pets: when pandemic meets panic. Forensic Science International: Reports. 2020; 2: 100090.
[33]    Malekian M, Hemami M.R. Fundamentals of Conservation Biology (Persian). Mashad, Iran, JDM Press, 2012.
[34]    Boltovskoy D, Correa N, Burlakova L, Karatayev A, Thuesen E, Sylvester F. Traits and impacts of introduced species: a quantitative review of meta-analyses. Hydrobiologia. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-020-04378-9.
[35]    Bauerfeind R, Von Graevenitz A, Kimmig P, Gerd Schiefer H, Schwarz T, Slenczka W et al. Zoonoses: Infectious Diseases Transmissible from Animals to Humans, 4th Edition. USA: American Society for Microbiology, 2015.
[36]    Bertelsmeier C, Ollier S. International tracking of the COVID-19 invasion: an amazing example of a globalized scientific coordination effort. Biological Invasions. 2020; 22: 2647-2649.
[37]    Kalbusch A, Henning E, Brikalski M, Luca F, Konrath A. Impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) spread-prevention actions on urban water consumption. Resources, Conservation, and Recycling. 2020;163:105098-105098. Epub 2020/08/06.
[38]    Bakhtiari F. COVID-19 crisis: washing hands for 20 seconds, not wasting water for 20 seconds. Tehran Times, 2020. available https://wwwtehrantimescom/news/446498/COVID-19-crisis-washing-hands-for-20-seconds-not-wasting-water, April 5, 2020.
[39]    Nabi G, Wang Y, Hao Y, Khan S, Wu Y, Li D. Massive use of disinfectants against COVID-19 poses potential risks to urban wildlife. Environmental research. 2020;188:109916-109916.
[40]    Conway J. Sales growth of cleaning products due to coronavirus (COVID-19) in the United States as of March 2020. available at www.statista.com/statistics/1104333/cleaning-product-sales-growth-from-coronavirus-us/. assesed 23 November 2020.
[41]    Sarkodie S, Owusu P. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on waste management. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00956-y.
[42]    Zambrano-Monserrate M, Ruano M, Sanchez-Alcalde L. Indirect effects of COVID-19 on the environment. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 728: 138813.
[43]    [43] WHO. Water, sanitation, hygiene and waste management for COVID-19: technical brief. 03 March 2020: World Health Organization, 2020.
[44]    Zand A, Heir A. Emerging challenges in urban waste management in Tehran, Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. Resources, conservation, and recycling. 2020; 162: 105051-105051.
[45]    van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris D, Holbrook M, Gamble A, Williamson B. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020; 382 (16): 1564-1567.

فایل ها

همرسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار