مقایسه بنیان ‏های نظری گفتمان ‏های نوآوری نظام‏ مند و تحول ‏آفرین

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته دکتری سیاستگذاری علم و فناوری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.

2 استاد مدیریت فناوری اطلاعات، دانشگاه تربیت مدری، تهران، ایران

3 دانشیار مدیریت فناوری و کارآفرینی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران.

4 استادیارمدیریت فناوری اطلاعات، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

 
جهان معاصر با چالش‏های زیست‏ محیطی، فناورانه، اقتصادی، سیاسی و فرهنگی متعدد، حساس و درهم ‏تنیده مواجه است. در این‏ راستا در دو دهة اخیر پژوهشگران با توسعة رویکردهای سیاست‏گذاری نوآوری اجتماعی، زیست‏ محیطی، پایدار، مسئولیت ‏پذیر، فراگیر، مأموریت‏ محور و چالش‏ محور به گسترش گفتمان سیاست‏گذاری نوآوری تحول آفرین در پاسخ به کاستی‏ های گفتمان سیاست‏گذاری نوآوری نظام ‏مند پرداخته‏ اند. با این‏ حال تمایز نظری گفتمان‏ های مذکور نسبتاً دشوار بوده و در نتیجة واگرایی پژوهش‏ ها با توجه ‏به ابهام در دامنه و تعریف دقیق نظری، گفتمان نوآوری تحول‏آفرین، بسیار محتمل است. از سوی دیگر با وجود توسعة نظری، سیاست‏گذاری تحول ‏آفرین به ‏فراخور ناشناختگی در میان سیاست‏گذاران چندان مورد اقبال قرار نگرفته است. بر این ‏اساس هدف مقالة حاضر شناسایی وجوه تشابه، تمایز و تنافر گفتمان‏های سیاست‏گذاری نوآوری نظام ‏مند و تحول‏ آفرین است. در این‏ راستا بر اساس روش مرور دامنه‏ ای پیشینه، ابتدا کلید واژگان دو گفتمان در پایگاه اسکوپوس جست‏ وجو و 2401 مقاله از مجلات انگلیسی شناسایی شدند. سپس طی مراحل حذف بر اساس عنوان، چکیده و محتوا 42 مقاله انتخاب شدند و برای استخراج بنیان ‏های نظری دو گفتمان مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. بر اساس یافته ‏های پژوهش، وابستگی خط ‏سیر نوآوری به رژیم، مشارکت‏ گرایی مبتنی بر امکان‏ ناپذیری سیاست‏گذاری متمرکز و تنوع و انتخاب تکاملی به‏عنوان وجوه تشابه دو گفتمان شناسایی شدند. همچنین نگرش دربارة نقش نوآوری (جایگاه کلیدی در توسعة اقتصادی در برابر فقدان توسعة اجتماعی و زیست‏ محیطی با پیشرفت فناوری)، سطح نوآوری مورد نیاز (داخل نظام در برابر فراتر از نظام)، خردمایة مداخلة سیاستی (شکست بازار و سیستم در برابر شکست تحول) و سطح سیاست‏گذاری (تأکید ویژه بر بعد ملی در برابر رویکرد چندسطحی) به‏عنوان محورهای تمایز دو گفتمان معرفی شدند. در نهایت توسعة غیربازاری، نهادی و اجتماعی، نگرش غیرخطی به نوآوری و فقدان بهینگی ذاتی نظام نوآوری به‏ عنوان وجوه تنافر نوآوری نظام ‏مند از نوآوری تحول ‏آفرین و کنام به‏ مثابه عامل تحول، ضرورت رویکرد هنجاری نوآوری، با توجه به توسعه و تخریب و تغییر ریشه ‏ای در مراحل تدریجی به ‏عنوان وجوه تنافر نوآوری تحول ‏آفرین از نوآوری نظام‏ مند پیشنهاد شدند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Analogy of the Theoretical Foundations of Systematic and Transformational Innovation Discourses

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mehdi Fatemi 1
  • Sepehr Ghazinoory 2
  • Soroush Ghazinoori 3
  • Ali Shayan 4
1 Ph.D. of Science and Technology Policy, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
3 Associate Professor of Technology Management and Entrepreneurship, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.
4 Assistant Professor of Information Technology Management, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The contemporary world faces numerous, momentous, and intertwined environmental, technological, economic, political, and cultural challenges. Scholars have developed social, environmental, sustainable, responsible, inclusive, mission-oriented, and challenge-oriented policy approaches in the last two decades to expand the transformational innovation policy discourse in response to the shortcomings of the systematic innovation policy discourse. However, the distinction between the theoretical foundations of the discourses is relatively hard; therefore, the divergence of research is highly likely due to the ambiguity in the scope and precise theoretical definition of the alternative discourse. On the other hand, despite the theoretical development, transformational policymaking has yet to be prevalent among policymakers, given its unknown nature.
According to the literature review, previous comparative studies aimed to introduce transformational innovation as an alternative discourse, emphasizing the differences between the discourses. Therefore these studies have not defended the systematic innovation discourse properly. Also, some studies have dealt with a specific branch of the discourses while neglecting a comprehensive approach. Finally, methodological weakness and the need for systematic review are evident in previous studies. Thus, this article systematically and conservatively compares the transformational and systematic innovation discourses to address the discourses’ similar, different, and exclusive aspects.
Accordingly, 2401 articles were identified by searching the keywords of the two discourses in Scopus and filtering according to the preliminary inclusion criteria. Next, the searched articles were reviewed based on the three-step filtering according to title, abstract, and full-text, leading to 42 final articles. Finally, while classifying the content of the articles, the similar, differentiative, and exclusive aspects of the systematic and transformational innovation discourses were identified. Therefore, the similarities between the discourses are as follows.
Regime as a symbol of resistance: The regime - as a set of actors, networks, and institutional structures that guides the current innovation model – locks to the technical-economic, social-cognitive, and institutional-political mechanisms. Therefore, the current regimes challenge the transformation to protect the current interests.
Evolutionary and guided diversity and selection: Despite the importance of diversity in expanding learning, network development, and preventing lock-in in the early stages, it leads to uncertainty, fragmentation of resources, and the lack of emergence of sustainable procedures in the period of technology and industry maturity. Therefore, it is necessary to balance variety and choice in the development of technology and innovation.
Endogenous and participation-oriented approach: Due to the emergent nature of transformative developments, endogenous guidance and minimal role-playing of the government is necessary. In this regard, attracting public participation facilitates decision-making and implementation while improving innovation.
The following table highlights the differences.




 


Systematic Innovation Discourse


Transformational Innovation Discourse






Innovation Role


Innovation is the driver of long-term economic evolution through creative destruction.


Despite the undeniable role of technology in modern societies, technological changes cannot effectively deal with social and environmental challenges.




Innovation Type


The non-linear nature of the interactions of the components of the innovation system leads to the emergence of innovation, which cannot be explained simply by aggregating them.


Fundamental transformation requires changes at the macro-level of socio-technical systems and problem framing beyond individual products, processes, or technologies.




Policy Rationale


Market orientation leads to investment in knowledge development at a lower-than-optimal level. At the same time, the systemic nature of innovation also leads to infrastructure, capability, network, institution, and transition failures, which weaken the system’s performance.


Despite the fundamental importance of market and system failures, attention to the transformation process’s broad, long-term, and fundamental nature leads to identifying more fundamental failures, including orientation, demand articulation, policy coordination, and reflexivity failures.




Policy Level


Despite the diversity in the level of application of innovation systems, the national dimension of the system is crucial due to its unique characteristics, collaboration capacity, interdependencies, and political determinants.


Co-evolution of economic, political, social, cultural, technological, environmental, and institutional changes results in transformation. In this regard, policymakers should combine macro-level knowledge about landscape dynamics with micro-level knowledge about innovation development.




 
Finally, non-market, institutional, and social development, non-linear approach to innovation, and the inherent lack of optimality were the exclusive dimensions of systematic innovation discourse. In contrast, the exclusive aspects of transformational innovation discourse were the necessity of a normative approach toward innovation, attention to both development and destruction and radical change in gradual stages.
According to the findings, evaluating the role of technology in solving grand challenges, attracting the participation of broader institutions, adopting a multi-level approach, and developing destabilizing policies are presented as policy implications. Also, examining the differences and similarities between the different branches of each discourse, evaluating the understanding of innovation policy scholars about the discourses, and systematically identifying implications of the discourses are suggested as future research directions.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Innovation Policy
  • Policy Discourse
  • Systematic Innovation
  • Transformational Innovation
  • Scoping Review

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