سیاست های آموزشی در مهارت‌افزایی و هدایت شغلی، رویکرد تطبیقی دانش آموختگان آلمان و ژاپن

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 دکتری مدیریت منابع انسانی، عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 دکتری مدیریت آموزشی، عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

در دنیای امروز، هم‌راستاسازی میان آموزش عالی و نیازهای بازار کار به یکی از چالش‌های اساسی و اولویت‌های مهم سیاست‌گذاران تبدیل شده است. با توجه به پیشرفت‌های سریع فناوری و تغییرات مداوم در ساختار اقتصادی، کشورها ناگزیرند برنامه‌های آموزشی خود را به گونه‌ای طراحی کنند که فارغ‌التحصیلان را برای پاسخگویی به نیازهای روزافزون بازار جهانی آماده سازند. کشورهای آلمان و ژاپن، با بهره‌گیری از رویکردهای متمایز در سیاست‌های آموزشی، توانسته‌اند نیروی کاری ماهر و سازگار با این تغییرات را تربیت کنند. اگرچه مطالعات متعددی به تحلیل جداگانه سیاست‌های آموزشی، مهارت‌افزایی، و اشتغال‌آفرینی در این دو کشور پرداخته‌اند، اما تاکنون پژوهشی جامع که به بررسی تطبیقی این دو سیستم آموزشی بپردازد، انجام نشده است. این شکاف تحقیقاتی، فرصتی برای تحلیل دقیق‌تر شباهت‌ها و تفاوت‌های سیستم‌های آموزشی آلمان و ژاپن و تأثیر آن‌ها بر هدایت شغلی و مهارت‌آموزی فراهم می‌کند. این مقاله با هدف پر کردن این خلأ پژوهشی، به تحلیل تطبیقی نقش سیستم آموزشی دوگانه آلمان و تأکید ژاپن بر آموزش اخلاق کاری و فرهنگ‌سازمانی پرداخته است. این تحقیق از نوع توصیفی-تحلیلی بوده و با بهره‌گیری از داده‌های کیفی، سیاست‌ها و الگوهای آموزشی این دو کشور را بررسی کرده است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که سیستم آموزشی دوگانه آلمان، با ترکیب آموزش نظری و عملی و تعامل مداوم با صنایع، نقشی کلیدی در کاهش شکاف میان آموزش و بازار کار دارد. در مقابل، ژاپن با تمرکز بر ارزش‌های فرهنگی و اجتماعی، نیروی کاری با تعهد بالا و مهارت‌های اجتماعی برجسته تربیت کرده است. نتایج مطالعه حاکی از آن است که علی‌رغم تفاوت‌های فرهنگی و اقتصادی، هر دو کشور در کاهش بیکاری فارغ‌التحصیلان و افزایش رضایت شغلی موفق عمل کرده‌اند. این پژوهش پیشنهاد می‌کند که سایر کشورها با الهام از این الگوهای موفق، برنامه‌های آموزشی خود را با نیازهای اقتصادی و فرهنگی خاص خود تطبیق دهند تا بهره‌وری و کارآیی نیروی کار افزایش یابد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Educational policies in skill enhancement and career guidance, a comparative approach of German and Japanese graduates

نویسندگان [English]

  • Amir Reza Narimani 1
  • Reza Omidifar 2
1 PhD in Human Resources Management,Faculty Member at the University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 PhD in Educational Management, FacultyMember at the University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

In today’s world, aligning higher education with the needs of the labor market has become one of the fundamental challenges and top priorities for policymakers. Given the rapid advances in technology and the constant changes in economic structure, countries are forced to design their educational programs in a way that prepares graduates to meet the growing needs of the global market. By taking advantage of distinct approaches in educational policies, Germany and Japan have been able to train a skilled workforce that is adaptable to these changes. Although several studies have analyzed educational policies, skill development, and employment creation in these two countries separately, no comprehensive research has been conducted to date that compares the two educational systems. This research gap provides an opportunity to more closely analyze the similarities and differences between the German and Japanese educational systems and their impact on career guidance and skills training. This article aims to fill this research gap by conducting a comparative analysis of the role of Germany’s dual education system and Japan’s emphasis on work ethic and organizational culture education. This descriptive-analytical study examines the educational policies and models of these two countries using qualitative data. The findings of the study show that Germany’s dual education system, by combining theoretical and practical training and continuous interaction with industries, plays a key role in reducing the gap between education and the labor market. In contrast, Japan, by focusing on cultural and social values, has trained a highly committed workforce and outstanding social skills. The results of the study indicate that despite cultural and economic differences, both countries have been successful in reducing graduate unemployment and increasing job satisfaction. This study suggests that other countries, inspired by these successful models, adapt their educational programs to their specific economic and cultural needs in order to increase the productivity and efficiency of their workforce.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Career guidance
  • Educational policy
  • Work ethic
  • Skill development
  • Employment of graduates

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