چالش‌های ثبت اختراع و تجاری‌سازی نوآوری‌ها در ایران از نگاه بنگاه‌های اقتصادی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار سیاستگذاری فناوری، معاونت پژوهش های زیربنایی و امور تولیدی، مرکز پژوهش های مجلس شورای اسلامی، تهران، ایران

2 دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد کارآفرینی سازمانی، دانشکده کارآفرینی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

3 دانشجوی دکتری علم و فناوری، دانشگاه امیرکبیر، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

ثبت اختراع و تجاری‌سازی آن از مؤلفه‌های مهم سنجش رشد اقتصادی بر پایه دانش و فناوری محسوب می‌شود. ثبت یک نوآوری در قالب اختراع به‌ویژه اگر توسط شرکت‌ها انجام شود فرصت و زمینه بیشتری را برای تصمیم‌گیری در خصوص نحوه تجاری‌سازی و بهره‌برداری از آن فراهم می‌سازد. در ایران سهم شرکت‌ها از گواهی‌های ثبت اختراع، کمتر از 10 درصد و بر اساس تخمین‌ها، سهم تجاری‌سازی اختراعات نسبت به کل اختراعات ثبت شده نیز احتمالاً زیر 1 درصد است. پژوهش حاضر در قالب یک مطالعه کیفی و با استفاده از تحلیل مضمون به شیوه استقرایی، تلاش کرده به این پرسش پاسخ دهد که با توجه به ظرفیت‌ شرکت‌ها و بنگاه‌های اقتصادی در ثبت اختراعات و تجاری‌سازی نوآوری‌ها، چرا این نهادها در کشور ما نتوانسته‌اند نقش فعالی داشته باشند. جمع‌آوری اطلاعات از طریق مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختار‌یافته و با تمرکز بر شرکت‌های دانش‌بنیان، غیر دانش‌بنیان، کارگزارن فناوری و تسهیلگران انجام شده و نتایج حاصل در قالب 9 مضمون سازمان‌دهنده و3 مضمون فراگیر دسته‌بندی شده‌اند. مضامین فراگیر شامل چالش‌های درون‌سازمانی، مزیت رقابتی و محیط بازار و زیرساختهای قانونی و اجرایی می‌باشند. چالش‌های درون‌سازمانی از قبیل نوع نگرش نسبت به دارایی‌های فکری و فرایندهای ثبت در کنار هزینه‌ها و ساختارهای مورد نیاز باعث می‌شود ثبت و تجاری‌سازی اختراعات از اولویت اغلب شرکت‌ها خارج شود. مزیت رقابتی و محیط بازار ایران نیز از یک‌سو نمی‌تواند انگیزه‌های کافی را برای ثبت و تجاری‌سازی اختراع در شرکت‌های صنعتی فراهم کند و از سویی در ایجاد بسترهای لازم برای شرکت‌های دانش‌بنیان ضعیف است. علاوه بر این، زیرساختهای قانونی و اجرایی کارکردهای مؤثری را تا به امروز ارائه نداده و ضمانت کافی در حفاظت از حقوق دارایی‌های فکری و حمایت از تجاری‌سازی ندارد. نتیجه نهایی، عدم اعتماد و یا توان کافی در شرکت‌ها برای ثبت و تجاری‌سازی اختراعات است. در این راستا، سیاستهای آموزش، ترویج و فرهنگ‌سازی در مورد ارزش دارایی‌های فکری و همچنین استقرار مؤثر نظام مالکیت فکری و بهره‌برداری از حقوق آن در قالب قوانین مرتبط، باید با جدیت دنبال شود. اجرای سیاستهای حمایت از تجاری‌سازی اختراعات با تمرکز بر رفع چالش‌های شرکت‌های دانش‌بنیان باید همچنان ادامه یابد و ابزارهایی همچون اعطای اعتبار مالیاتی سرمایه‌گذاری شرکت‌های بزرگ در تجاری‌سازی اختراعات شرکت‌های کوچک، حمایت و استفاده از ظرفیت کارگزاران دانش و فناوری و ارتقاء برخی استانداردهای فناورانه مورد استفاده در صنایع می‌تواند در ترغیب شرکت‌های صنعتی نسبت به بهبود خط تولید، توسعه فناوری و نوآوری و تجاری‌سازی اختراعات توسط آنان مؤثر باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Patenting and Commercialization of Inventions in Iran : Challenges in the Perspective of Companies

نویسندگان [English]

  • Soheila Kheradmandnia 1
  • Mohammad Mehdi Sajedpour 2
  • Asgar Sarmast 3
1 Assistant Professor of Technology Policy, Department of Infrastructural and Production Researches, Islamic Parliament Research Center, Tehran, Iran
2 MSc Student in Corporate Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran. Iran
3 Ph.D. student of science and technology, University of Amirkabir. Tehran. Iran.
چکیده [English]

Patent registration and its commercialization are considered important components in measuring economic growth based on knowledge and technology. Registering an innovation in the form of patent, especially if carried out by companies, creates broader opportunities for strategic decision-making regarding its commercialization and utilization, However, in Iran, the share of companies in granted patents remains below 10 percent, and estimates suggest that the rate of commercialization among registered patents is likely under 1 percent. This study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing inductive thematic analysis, to explore why Iranian firms and economic enterprises have not played an active role in patenting and commercialization, despite their potential capacity. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews, focusing on knowledge-based firms, non-knowledge-based Companies, technology brokers, and facilitators. The analysis yielded nine organizing themes, which were consolidated into three overarching categories: intra-organizational challenges, competitive advantage and market environment, and legal and executive infrastructures. The findings highlight several barriers. Intra-organizational challenges—including prevailing attitudes toward intellectual property, the complexity of patenting processes, associated costs, and structural requirements, often deprioritize patenting and commercialization within firms. The competitive and market environment in Iran also fails to provide sufficient incentives for industrial firms to pursue patents, while simultaneously offering limited support for knowledge-based companies. Moreover, existing legal and institutional commercialization, resulting in inadequate guarantees for safeguarding rights and encouraging exploitation. Consequently, firms often lack both the trust and the capacity necessary for successful patent registration and commercialization. To address these challenges, several measures are essential. First, sustained policies promoting education, awareness, and cultural recognition of intellectual property value must be advanced. Equally important is the establishment and effective enforcement of a robust intellectual property rights system through comprehensive legislation. Continued efforts to support patent commercialization—particularly by alleviating the challenges faced by knowledge-based firms—remain critical. Policy tools such as offering tax incentives to large companies investing in the commercialization of smaller firms’ patents, leveraging the expertise of knowledge and technology brokers, and raising technological standards within industries can encourage industrial firms to upgrade production lines, foster innovation, and actively engage in patent commercialization.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Commercialization of inventions
  • Patent
  • companies
  • Knowledge-based
  • Intellectual Property rights

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